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2013-10-09

Weighed down by guilt: Research shows it's more than a metaphor

Princeton researcher Martin Day and Ramona Bobocel, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Waterloo, recently published the results of a series of studies that begin to offer answers to that question.

In an article titled "The Weight of a Guilty Conscience: Subjective Body Weight as an Embodiment of Guilt" in the journal PLOS ONE, Day and Bobocel find evidence that the emotional experience of guilt can be grounded in subjective bodily sensation.

Day, a postdoctoral research associate at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, and Bobocel discuss their findings and how they can contribute to the broader understanding of how humans perceive guilt:

"Embodied cognition is an emerging field in psychology that examines how our thoughts and emotions interact with our bodies to guide behavior. Guilt is important because it plays a role in regulating our moral behavior. It can help us correct our mistakes and prevent future wrongdoing. Of course, people know that guilt feels unpleasant and is sometimes associated with feelings of tension and regret. However, we know less about the broad nature of guilt -- such as how it interacts with the body and our beliefs about the body.

"People often say guilt is like a 'weight on one's conscience,' and we examined whether guilt is actually embodied as a sensation of weight. In a series of studies we asked students and members of the public to recall a time that they did something unethical. People recalled a variety of wrongdoings, such as lying, stealing or cheating. Afterward, in a separate task, we asked them to rate their subjective feeling of their own body weight as compared to their average. That is, did they feel less weight than usual, about the same weight, or more weight? We compared these responses to participants in control conditions who recalled an ethical memory, a memory of someone else's unethical actions or who were not asked to recall a memory.

"From an embodied cognition framework, we predicted that recalling personal unethical acts would imbue feelings of guilt that would be embodied as greater sensations of weight.

"Is this theoretical perspective correct? Did people actually report a sensation of more weight? We found that recalling personal unethical acts led participants to report increased subjective body weight as compared to recalling ethical acts, unethical acts of others or no recall. We also found that this increased sense of weight was related to participants' heightened feelings of guilt, and not other negative emotions, such as sadness or disgust. Although people sometimes associate importance with 'heaviness,' we found no evidence that importance could explain this finding. For example, ethical deeds were rated just as important as unethical actions, but only unethical, guilt-inducing memories led to increased reports of weight.

"In a final study we also explored a perceptual consequence of the weight of guilt. Using the same materials, we tested whether recall of unethical memories would affect perceived effort to complete a variety of helping behaviors as compared to a control condition. Importantly, some of these behaviors involved physical effort, such as carrying groceries upstairs for someone, whereas other behaviors did not, such as giving someone spare change. We found no differences between conditions for the perceived effort of the nonphysical actions. However, those who recalled unethical memories, which can be accompanied by sensations of weight, perceived the physical behaviors to involve even greater effort to complete compared to ratings provided by those in a control condition. This research demonstrates our initial investigation into the consequences of this phenomenon.

"Overall, it was exciting to find these patterns of results, which are consistent with an embodied theory of emotion. However, this is still relatively new research, and we are still exploring how to more fully characterize the experience of guilt. There are also very recent and complementary findings on this topic from independent research labs. For example, simulating the experience of the weight of guilt, such as with a heavy backpack, seems to be tied to regulating moral behavior. Such results are encouraging, and hopefully this emerging line of research will lead us to a more comprehensive understanding of the nature of guilt."

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Innovative wideband ring voltage-controlled oscillator developed

A new wideband ring voltage-controlled oscillator (VOC)* was proposed by UNIST undergraduate student, Seyeon Yoo with the the research work published in IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

*VCO (voltage-controlled oscillator) : an electronic oscillator whose oscillation frequency is controlled by a voltage input. The applied input voltage determines the instantaneous oscillation frequency.

Wideband VCO is a key component of an IR-UWB system (Impulse radio-Ultra-wideband) which has drawn attention as a practical technology for a Doppler radar* system which can detect human vital signs such as heart beats and respiration.

*Doppler radar: a specialized radar that makes use of the Doppler effect* to produce velocity data about objects at a distance.

The IR-UWB's large signal bandwidth can yield an increased time resolution and its wide range of frequency bands is desirable because an optimal band can be selectively used to maximize detection accuracy.

With the new VCO designed by the UNIST research team led by Prof. Jaehyouk Choi and proposed by a UNIST undergraduate student, Seyeon Yoo, an operating frequency band is digitally set using a digital-to-analog convert (DAC) in the supply-voltage regulator.

Once a band is selected, the specific target-frequency is analogously tuned, controlling the strength of latches in delay cells. Furthermore, by storing the latches in each cell, the KVCO becomes scalable.

Ultimately, throughout the entire 2-8 GHz frequency band, the KVCO can be constantly maintained, which helps ensure the stable operation of the phase-locked loop* (PLL).

*phase-locked loop: a control system which generates an output signal whose phase is related to the phase of input signal.

"This technology will be applicable for IR-UWB based Doppler radar systems and various radio frequency (RF) semiconductor applications since it provides stable wideband frequency," said Prof. Choi.

He also specially praised Yoo: "Developing an analog/RF integrated circuit (IC) chip requires extensive knowledge and know-how on IC designs. As an undergraduate student, developing a new IC and publishing a research paper in a leading science journal is a remarkable performance."

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A slow, loving, 'affective' touch may be key to a healthy sense of self

Oct. 8, 2013 — A loving touch, characterized by a slow caress or stroke -- often an instinctive gesture from a mother to a child or between partners in romantic relationships -- may increase the brain's ability to construct a sense of body ownership and, in turn, play a part in creating and sustaining a healthy sense of self.

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These findings come from a new study published online in Frontiers of Psychology, led by Neuropsychoanalysis Centre Director Dr. Aikaterini (Katerina) Fotopoulou, University College London, and NPSA grantee Dr. Paul Mark Jenkinson of the Department of Psychology, University of Hertfordshire in the UK.

The study, of 52 healthy adults, used a common experimental technique known as the rubber hand illusion, in which participants' brains are tricked into believing that a strategically placed rubber hand is their own. As they watch the rubber hand being stroked in synchrony with their own, they begin to think that the fake hand belongs to them. This technique demonstrates the changeable nature of the brain's perception of the body.

Affective touch, characterised by slow speed tactile stimulation of the skin (between 1 and 10cm per second) has been previously correlated with pleasant emotion and has also been seen to improve symptoms of anxiety and other emotional symptoms in certain groups of adults and infants. Dr. Fotopoulou's team wanted to test whether affective touch would affect the brain's understanding of the body and body ownership.

The team adapted the 'rubber hand' technique to incorporate four different types of touch, including a synchronized and asynchronized, slow, affective touch and a faster neutral touch, again in synchronous and asynchronous patterns. Participants were also asked to complete a standardized 'embodiment' questionnaire, to measure their subjective experience during the experiment.

The results confirmed previous findings that slow, light touch is perceived as being more pleasant than fast touch. More importantly, the study demonstrated that slow tactile stimulation made participants more likely to believe that the rubber hand was their own, compared with the faster neutral touch.

The perception of affective touch in the brain is one of a number of interoceptive signals that help us monitor homeostasis. This study provides new evidence to support the existing idea that interoceptive signals, such as affective touch, play an important role in how the brain learns to construct a mental picture and an understanding of the body, which ultimately helps to create a coherent sense of self.

Decreased sensitivity to and awareness of interoceptive signals, such as affective touch, have been linked to body image problems, unexplained pain, anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

"As affective touch is typically received from a loved one, these findings further highlight how close relationships involve behaviors that may play a crucial role in the construction of a sense of self," said Laura Crucianelli, the researcher who carried out the study.

"The next step for our team," concluded Dr. Katerina Fotopoulou, "is to examine whether being deprived of social signals, such as affective touch from a parent during early development, may also lead to abnormalities in the formation of a healthy body image and a healthy sense of self, for example in patients with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa."

Boosting interoceptive awareness and an individual's sense of body ownership could be key to developing future treatments for some of these conditions, and the sensation of 'affective touch' could play an important role.

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Power Supplies RFMD ramps PAs for ET revolution

2013/10/08

rfmd RFMD has commenced high-volume production of power amplifiers (PAs) and power management integrated circuits (ICs) incorporating envelope tracking (ET) technology.

This follows yesterday’s announcement form Texas Instruments that it was introducing its first envelope tracking power supply for LTE mobile phones.

ET-enabled PAs are continuously adjusted so that the amplifier operates at maximum power efficiency. The result is lower battery power consumption. This is particularly attractive in 4G LTE mobile platforms, which operate in multiple frequency bands and require a number of separate PAs.

RFMD said its PA provides full ET compatible coverage of all FD-LTE and TD-LTE bands (1-14, 17-21, 25-28, 38, 40, 41, and 44).

Its envelope tracking-enabled PAs include RF7389 and RF8085 multimode, multi-band PAs, the RF80xx(i) family of 10 single-band satellite PAs, and its RF8081 ET power management IC.

“This volume ramp-up of a broad family of envelope tracking-enabled products puts RFMD at the forefront of the ET revolution,” said Eric Creviston, president of RFMD’s Cellular Products Group.

Texas Instruments has announced its first envelope tracking power supply chip, which it claims will cut power consumption in 3G and 4G LTE multi-mode, multi-band RF power amplifiers (PAs) used in smartphones and tablets.

This will see it competing in the 4G smartphone market against UK-based envelop-tracking silicon supplier, Nujira.

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Primate brains follow predictable developmental pattern

In research published in the Journal of Neuroscience, Professor Marcello Rosa and his team at Monash University's School of Biomedical Sciences and colleagues at Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil, used computer modelling to demonstrate that the substantial enlargement of some areas of the human brain, vital to advanced cognition, reflects a consistent pattern that is seen across primate species of all sizes.

This finding suggests how the neural circuits responsible for traits that we consider uniquely human -- such as the ability to plan, make complex decisions and speak -- could have emerged simply as a natural consequence of the evolution of larger brains.

"We have known for a long time that certain areas of the human brain are much larger than one would expect based on how monkey brains are organised," Professor Rosa said.

"What no one had realised is that this selective enlargement is part of a trend that has been present since the dawn of primates."

Using publicly available brain maps, MRI imaging data and modelling software, the neuroscientists compared the sizes of different brain areasin humans and three monkey species: marmosets, capuchins and macaques. They found that two regions, the lateral prefrontal cortex and the temporal parietal junction, expand disproportionally to the rest of the brain.

The prefrontal cortex is related to long term planning, personality expression, decision-making, and behaviour modification. The temporal parietal junction is related to self-awareness and self-other distinction.

Lead author Tristan Chaplin, from the Department of Physiology will commence his PhD next year. He said the findings showed that those areas of the brain grew disproportionately in a predictable way.

"We found that the larger the brain is, the larger these areas get," Tristan said.

"When you go from a small to big monkey -- the marmoset to macaque -- the prefrontal cortex and temporal parietal junction get larger relative to the rest of the cortex, and we see the same thing again when you compare macaques to humans."

"This trend argues against the view that specific human mutations gave us these larger areas and advanced cognition and behaviour, but are a consequence of what happens in development when you grow a larger brain," Tristan said.

Professor Rosa said the pattern held for primate species that evolved completely separately.

"If you compare the capuchin of South America and the macaque of Asia, their brains are almost identical, although they developed on opposite sides of the world. They both reflect the genetic plan of how a primate brain grows," Professor Rosa said.

This is the first computational comparative study conducted across several primate species. Tristan now hopes, in collaboration with zoos, to check if our closest primate relatives, the chimpanzees and gorillas, also have brain areas organised as his theory predicts.

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Iron melt network helped grow Earth's core, study suggests

Oct. 8, 2013 — Stanford scientists recreated the intense pressures and temperatures found deep within Earth, resulting in a discovery that complicates theories of how the planet and its core were formed.

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The same process that allows water to trickle through coffee grinds to create your morning espresso may have played a key role in the formation of the early Earth and influenced its internal organization, according to a new study by scientists at Stanford's School of Earth Sciences.

The finding, published in the current issue of the journal Nature Geoscience, lends credence to a theory first proposed nearly half a century ago suggesting that Earth's iron-rich core and layered internal structure might have formed in a series of steps that took place over millions of years under varying temperature and pressure conditions.

"We know that Earth today has a core and a mantle that are differentiated. With improving technology, we can look at different mechanisms of how this came to be in a new light," said study leader Wendy Mao, an assistant professor of geological and environmental sciences at Stanford, and of photon sciences at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, which is operated by the university.

Earth's innards are presently divided into layers, with the rocky mantle composed mostly of silicates overlying an iron-rich metallic core. How the planet came to have this orderly arrangement is a major mystery, especially since scientists think its beginnings were messy and chaotic, the result of small bodies made up of rock and metals crashing and clumping together shortly after the formation of the sun and the birth of the solar system some 4.5 billion years ago.

How did Earth evolve from this conglomerated mass of rocks and metals into its current layered state?

Separating metal from rock

One idea is that the heat generated by the collisions and by the radioactive decay of certain isotopes warmed Earth. The planet could have gotten so hot that its rocks and metals melted. The molten rocks and metals in this "magma ocean" would then have separated into distinct layers as a result of their different densities. Iron would have drifted downward towards the planet's center, while silicates remained on top.

Other scientists have proposed that even if the early Earth's temperature was not hot enough to melt silicates, the molten iron might still have separated out by percolating through the solid silicate layer.

The thought was that pockets of molten iron trapped in the mantle layer could tunnel through the surrounding rock to create channels, or capillaries. This network of tunnels could have helped funnel molten iron towards the planet's center to join the spherical metallic heart that was slowly amassing there.

However, this "percolation" theory was dealt a major blow when scientists discovered that, in the upper mantle layer at least, the molten iron tended to form isolated spheres that didn't interact with one another, similar to the way water beads up on a waxed surface.

For this reason, scientists had previously thought that percolation couldn't be possible, Mao said.

Recreating ancient Earth

But a new experiment conducted by Mao and her team uncovered fresh evidence that percolation might still be a viable mechanism for explaining the formation of Earth's core.

Working with researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy's SLAC facility, Mao and her team recreated a speck of the molten silicate and iron material that scientists believe existed deep inside the early Earth.

To do this, Mao's team placed minute amounts of iron and silicate rock into a metal chamber that they then inserted between the tips of two small diamonds. Squeezing these "diamond anvils" together recreated the immense pressures present in Earth's interior, and a laser beam was used to heat the sample to a high enough temperature to melt the iron.

After the sample cooled, the scientists examined it using X-ray-computed tomography. Tomography creates a three-dimensional image of an object by combining a series of two-dimensional slices. A computer program then helps flesh out the re-creation of the object.

A state-of-the-art X-ray microscope at SLAC allowed Mao's team to resolve nanometer-scale details in their sample of heated silicates and iron. The higher resolution allowed the scientists to observe never-before-seen changes in the texture and shape of the molten iron and silicates as they responded to the same intense pressures and temperatures that were present deep in the early Earth.

Which happened first?

The experiment confirmed the findings from previous studies that molten iron in the upper mantle tended to form isolated blobs, which would have prevented percolation from happening. "In order for percolation to be efficient, the molten iron needs to be able to form continuous channels through the solid," Mao explained.

However, the scientists found that at the higher pressures and temperatures that would have been present in the early Earth's lower mantle, the structure of the silicates changed in a way that permitted connections to form between pockets of molten iron, making percolation possible.

"Scientists had said this theory wasn't possible, but now we're saying, under certain conditions that we know exist in the planet, it could happen," Mao said. "So this brings back another possibility for how the core might have formed."

The team's new findings do not rule out the possibility that differentiation began when Earth was in a magma ocean state. In fact, both mechanisms could have occurred, said study first author Crystal Shi, a graduate student in Mao's lab.

"We don't know which mechanism happened first, or if the two happened together," Shi said. "At the very beginning, Earth would have still been very hot, and the magma ocean mechanism could have been important. But later as the planet cooled, percolation may have become the dominant mechanism."

Scientists from China's Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, and the Carnegie Institution of Washington also contributed to this research.

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2013-10-08

Business 20nm cost penalty is a one node blip, says Globalfoundries.

2013/10/08

Although there will not be the normal Moore’s Law 30% transistor cost reduction at 20nm, Globalfoundries reckons the successor node – 10nm – will see a return to the traditional cost curve.

“The cost is going up but there are technology optimisations that can be implemented, ”
Subi Kengeri vice president for advanced technology architecture, told the Globalfoundries EMEA Technical Seminar in London on Monday.

At the 20nm node, Globalfoundries gets a 2x raw gate improvement and a 16% logic density benefit over 28nm giving cost savings of 7.5 to 8.5% over 28nm.

“We think we have a 7-8% die cost advantage over anyone else,”said Kengeri.

The extra cost of double patterning means that, at the 20nm node, the cost reduction will not be as much as the traditional 30%.

For Globalfoundries this interruption in the traditional pace of cost reduction will only be a one node blip, reckons Kengeri.

“Even without EUV we will get back to the traditional Moore’s Law cost reduction curve at 10nm because of process optimisations,” said Kengeri.

Last week TSMC’s senior director for R&D, Yee-Chaung See, suggested to IEF2013 that the prospective cost of a 10nm wafer could be 4x the cost of a 28nm wafer and said “many innovations” are needed to bring the cost down.

250W light source EUV would solve everything but the highest power light source available now is 15W.

Kengeri reckons that EUV will come in at 7nm because there won’t be any other way of doing the litho.

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Study shows how neurons enable us to know smells we like and dislike, whether to approach or retreat

How, then, does this work? What underlying biological mechanisms account for our seemingly instant, almost unconscious ability to determine how attractive (or repulsive) a particular smell is? It's a very important question for scientists who are trying to address the increasingly acute problem of obesity: we need to understand much better than we now do the biological processes underlying food selection and preferences.

New research by neuroscientists at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL), published in The Journal of Neuroscience, reveals a set of cells in the fruit fly brain that respond specifically to food odors. Remarkably, the team finds that the degree to which these neurons respond when the fly is presented different food odors -- apple, mango, banana -- predicts "incredibly well how much the flies will 'like' a given odor," says the lead author of the research paper, Jennifer Beshel, Ph.D., a postdoctoral investigator in the laboratory of CSHL Professor Yi Zhong, Ph.D.

"We all know that we behave differently to different foods -- have different preferences. And we also all know that we behave differently to foods when we are hungry," explains Dr. Beshel. "Dr. Zhong and I wanted to find the part of the brain that might be responsible for these types of behavior. Is there somewhere in the brain that deals with food odors in particular? How does brain activity change when we are hungry? Can we manipulate such a brain area and change behavior?"

When Beshel and Zhong examined the response of neurons expressing a peptide called dNPF to a range of odors, they saw that they only responded to food odors. (dNPF is the fly analog of appetite-inducing Neuropeptide Y, found in people.) Moreover, the neurons responded more to these same food odors when flies were hungry. The amplitude of their response could in fact predict with great accuracy how much the flies would like a given food odor -- i.e., move toward it; the scientists needed simply to look at the responses of the dNPF-expressing neurons.

When they "switched off" these neurons, the researchers were able to make flies treat their most favored odor as if it were just air. Conversely, if they remotely turned these neurons "on," they could make flies suddenly approach odors they previously had tried to avoid.

As Dr. Beshel explains: "The more general idea is that there are areas in the brain that might be specifically involved in saying: 'This is great, I should really approach this.' The activity of neurons in other areas in the brain might only take note of what something is -- is it apple? fish? -- without registering or ascribing to it any particular value, whether about its intrinsic desirability or its attractiveness at a given moment.

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Making Martian clouds on Earth: Clouds on Mars form in much more humid conditions than clouds on Earth

Oct. 7, 2013 — At first glance, Mars' clouds might easily be mistaken for those on Earth: Images of the Martian sky, taken by NASA's Opportunity rover, depict gauzy, high-altitude wisps, similar to our cirrus clouds. Given what scientists know about the Red Planet's atmosphere, these clouds likely consist of either carbon dioxide or water-based ice crystals. But it's difficult to know the precise conditions that give rise to such clouds without sampling directly from a Martian cloud.

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Researchers at MIT have now done the next-best thing: They've recreated Mars-like conditions within a three-story-tall cloud chamber in Germany, adjusting the chamber's temperature and relative humidity to match conditions on Mars -- essentially forming Martian clouds on Earth.

While the researchers were able to create clouds at the frigid temperatures typically found on Mars, they discovered that cloud formation in such conditions required adjusting the chamber's relative humidity to 190 percent -- far greater than cloud formation requires on Earth. The finding should help improve conventional models of the Martian atmosphere, many of which assume that Martian clouds require humidity levels similar to those found on Earth.

"A lot of atmospheric models for Mars are very simple," says Dan Cziczo, the Victor P. Starr Associate Professor of Atmospheric Chemistry at MIT. "They have to make gross assumptions about how clouds form: As soon as it hits 100 percent humidity, boom, you get a cloud to form. But we found you need more to kick-start the process."

Cziczo says the group's experimental results will help to improve Martian climate models, as well as scientists' understanding of how the planet transports water through the atmosphere. He and his colleagues have reported their findings in Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets.

Seeding Martian clouds

The team conducted most of the study's experiments during the summer of 2012 in Karlsruhe, Germany, at the Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere (AIDA) facility -- a former nuclear reactor that has since been converted into the world's largest cloud chamber.

The facility was originally designed to study atmospheric conditions on Earth. But Cziczo realized that with a little fine-tuning, the chamber could be adapted to simulate conditions on Mars. To do this, the team first pumped all the oxygen out of the chamber, and instead filled it with inert nitrogen or carbon dioxide -- the most common components of the Martian atmosphere. They then created a dust storm, pumping in fine particles similar in size and composition to the mineral dust found on Mars. Much like on Earth, these particles act as cloud seeds around which water vapor can adhere to form cloud particles.

After "seeding" the chamber, the researchers adjusted the temperature, first setting it to the coldest temperatures at which clouds form on Earth (around minus 81 degrees Fahrenheit). Throughout the experiment, they cranked the temperature progressively lower, eventually stopping at the chamber's lowest setting, around minus 120 Fahrenheit -- "a warm summer's day on Mars," Cziczo says.

By adjusting the chamber's relative humidity under each temperature condition, the researchers were able to create clouds under warmer, Earth-like temperatures, at expected relative humidities. These observations gave the researchers confidence in their experimental setup as they attempted to grow clouds at temperatures that approached Mars-like conditions.

Dialing the temperature down

Over a week, the group created 10 clouds, with each cloud taking about 15 minutes to form. The chamber is completed insulated, so the researchers used a system of lasers, which beam across the chamber, to detect cloud formation. Any clouds that form scatter laser light; this scattering is then detected and recorded by computers, which display the results -- the size, number, and composition of cloud particles -- for scientists outside the chamber.

By analyzing this data over the following six months, the researchers found that clouds that grew at the lowest temperatures required extremely high relative humidity in order for water vapor to form an ice crystal around a dust particle. Cziczo says it's unclear why Martian clouds need such humid conditions to take shape, but hopes to investigate the question further.

Toward that end, the group plans to return to Germany next fall, when the chamber will have undergone renovations, enabling it to perform cloud experiments at even lower temperatures -- conditions that may more closely mimic the icy atmosphere on Mars.

"If we want to understand where water goes and how it's transported through the atmosphere on Mars, we have to understand cloud formation for that planet," Cziczo says. "Hopefully this will move us toward the right direction."

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德州仪器将为Arduino单芯片微电脑项目提供ARM芯片

Arduino，是一个开放源代码的单芯片微电脑，它使用了Atmel AVR单片机，采用了基于开放源代码的软硬件平台，构建于开放源代码simple I/O 接口板，并且具有使用类似Java，C 语言的Processing/Wiring开发环境。

Arduino开源项目自2005年实施以后人气越来越旺盛.它可以制作小至环境传感器大至机器人的各种设备.现在Arduino即将变得更为强大,因为德州仪器即将向它提供支持.这家美国科技巨头宣布与源自意大利的Arduino开源计划达成合作协议,将为其提供主板,名为Arduino Tre,其使用德州仪器的1GHz Sitara AM335x ARM Cortex-A8处理器.这一产品将于2014年春天正式上市.

该主板甚至要比现在Arduino最强大的型号Uno以及Leonardo还要再强大100倍. Arduino Tre将可以运行Linux.这样的处理能力将使得Arduino拥有更多可能,例如3D打印以及无线数据传输等.

德州仪器这一消息是在昨天英特尔表示将为Arduino提供支持,为其打造Galileo主板.然而德州仪器所提供的芯片将基于现在在可移动设备上十分常见的ARM架构芯片,相信这会对广大开发者,研究人员以及学生来说无疑更为兴奋.

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微软计划两年内将Windows RT和Windows Phone合并

近日Twitter上透露了一个有趣的消息。新提拔的操作系统执行副总裁Terry Myerson决定在两年之类将Windows RT和Windows Phone缓慢合并。

该计划预计在两年内分三次大更新完成。

在早些时候就听说了微软想将Windows RT和Windows Phone的商店合并。剩下的问题就是是否将Windows Phone和Windows RT的UI进行合并，或者根据不同尺寸用户的屏幕选择不同的UI。

有人说随着手机的促销以及采取各种方式导致的手机市场的不断壮大，人们开始越来越喜欢用手机来替代电脑，除了一些必须在电脑上完成的事情，其他都会选择用手机来解决，这一点对于微软之类的桌面操作系统的企业是相当危险的，所以微软要抓住这个问题并且尽快解决。

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Plastic waste is a hazard for subalpine lakes, too

The findings, based on studies of Italy's Lake Garda and reported on October 7th in Current Biology, a Cell Press publication, suggest that the problem of plastic pollution isn't limited to the ocean.

"Next to mechanical impairments of swallowed plastics mistaken as food, many plastic-associated chemicals have been shown to be carcinogenic, endocrine-disrupting, or acutely toxic," said Christian Laforsch of the University of Bayreuth in Germany. "Moreover, the polymers can adsorb toxic hydrophobic organic pollutants and transport these compounds to otherwise less polluted habitats. Along this line, plastic debris can act as vector for alien species and diseases."

The researchers chose Lake Garda as a starting point for investigating freshwater contamination with micro- and macroplastics because they expected it to be less polluted given its subalpine location. What they found was a surprise: the numbers of microplastic particles in sediment samples from Lake Garda were similar to those found in studies of marine beach sediments.

The size ranges of microplastics found by Laforsch's team suggested that they might find their way into organisms living in the lake. Indeed, the researchers showed that freshwater invertebrates from worms to water fleas will ingest artificially ground fluorescent microplastics in the lab.

The findings in Lake Garda come as bad news for lakes generally, with uncertain ecological and economic consequences.

"The mere existence of microplastic particles in a subalpine headwater suggests an even higher relevance of plastic particles in lowland waters," Laforsch said. He recommends more research and standardized surveillance guidelines to control for microplastic contamination in freshwater ecosystems, as is already required for marine systems.

The public can do its part by putting trash where it belongs. The shape and type of plastic particles found in the study indicate that they started as larger pieces of plastic, most likely originating from post-consumer products.

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