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2013-12-12

Chameleons use colorful language to communicate: Chameleons' body regions are 'billboards' for different types of information

For example, when male chameleons challenge each other for territory or a female, their coloring becomes brighter and much more intense. Males that display brighter stripes when they are aggressive are more likely to approach their opponent, and those that achieve brighter head colors are more likely to win fights. Also, how quickly their heads change color is an important predictor of which chameleon will win a skirmish.

The results of the study are published online today in the journal Biology Letters.

Russell Ligon, a doctoral candidate in ASU's School of Life Sciences, and Kevin McGraw, an associate professor in the school, used photographic and mathematical modeling tools in new ways to study how the color change of veiled chameleons (Chameleon calyptratus) relates to aggressive behavior. They studied the distance, maximum brightness and speed of color change of 28 different patches across the chameleons' bodies.

"We found that the stripes, which are most apparent when chameleons display their bodies laterally to their opponents, predict the likelihood that a chameleon will follow up with an actual approach," said Ligon. "In addition, head coloration -- specifically brightness and speed of color change -- predicted which was lizard was going to win."

Chameleons typically have resting colors that range from brown to green, with hints of yellow, but each chameleon has unique markings. During a contest, the lizards show bright yellows, oranges, greens and turquoises. Interestingly, when the chameleons showed-off their stripes from a distance and followed that display with a "head-on" approach before combat, the important color signals on the striped parts of the body and head were accentuated.

"By using bright color signals and drastically changing their physical appearance, the chameleons' bodies become almost like a billboard -- the winner of a fight is often decided before they actually make physical contact," Ligon said. "The winner is the one that causes its opponent to retreat. While sometimes they do engage in physical combat, these contests are very short -- five to 15 seconds. More often than not, their color displays end the contest before they even get started."

This is the first study of its kind. The research team took pictures of color standards and estimated the sensitivity of different photoreceptors in their cameras. Then, they used information on the physiology and sensitivity of the photoreceptors of chameleons, and were able to measure the colors actually seen by the lizards. Though this method has previously been used to quantify static (unchanging) coloration, this study is the first to quantify rapid color change while incorporating the visual sensitivities of the animals under study.

There are approximately 160 species of chameleons in the world. Veiled chameleons (Chameleon calyptratus) are native to the Arabian Peninsula -- specifically Yemen and Saudi Arabia. They are omnivorous and live essentially solitary lives except when mating. Many chameleons are at great risk, as destruction of their habitats is occurring at alarming rates.

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Supervolcanoes discovered in Utah

These supervolcanoes aren't active today, but 30 million years ago more than 5,500 cubic kilometers of magma erupted during a one-week period near a place called Wah Wah Springs. By comparison, this eruption was about 5,000 times larger than the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption.

"In southern Utah, deposits from this single eruption are 13,000 feet thick," said Eric Christiansen, the lead author for the BYU study. "Imagine the devastation - it would have been catastrophic to anything living within hundreds of miles."

Dinosaurs were already extinct during this time period, but what many people don't know is that 25-30 million years ago, North America was home to rhinos, camels, tortoises and even palm trees. Evidence of the ancient flora and fauna was preserved by volcanic deposits.

The research group, headed by Christiansen and professor emeritus Myron Best, measured the thickness of the pyroclastic flow deposits. They used radiometric dating, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and chemical analysis of the minerals to verify that the volcanic ash was all from the same ancient super-eruption.

They found that the Wah Wah Springs eruption buried a vast region extending from central Utah to central Nevada and from Fillmore on the north to Cedar City on the south. They even found traces of ash as far away as Nebraska.

But this wasn't an isolated event; the BYU geologists found evidence of fifteen super-eruptions and twenty large calderas. The scientific journal Geosphere recently published two of their papers detailing the discoveries.

Despite their enormous size, the supervolcanoes have been hidden in plain sight for millions of years.

"The ravages of erosion and later deformation have largely erased them from the landscape, but our careful work has revealed their details," said Christiansen. "The sheer magnitude of this required years of work and involvement of dozens of students in putting this story together."

Supervolcanoes are different from the more familiar "straddle" volcanoes - like Mount St. Helens - because they aren't as obvious to the naked eye and they affect enormous areas.

"Supervolcanoes as we've seen are some of earth's largest volcanic edifices, and yet they don't stand as high cones," said Christiansen. "At the heart of a supervolcano instead, is a large collapse."

Those collapses in supervolcanoes occur with the eruption and form enormous holes in the ground in plateaus, known as calderas.

Not many people know that there are still active supervolcanoes today. Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming is home to one roughly the same size as the Wah Wah Springs caldera, which was about 25 miles across and 3 miles deep when it first formed.

More than a dozen undergraduate and graduate students made significant contributions to Best and Christiansen's papers. Hundreds of other students were involved with the geologic mapping of the volcanic areas. The skills and experience each student gained along the way have opened doors to graduate schools, employers and entrepreneurship. Mentored learning is part of why BYU ranks in the Top 5 nationally in terms of where new Ph.D.'s received their undergraduate degrees.

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Can celebrity cancer diagnoses prompt quitting smoking?

Dec. 11, 2013 — Millions of people will make a resolution to quit smoking around Jan. 1, but a new study suggests an even more powerful motivator than New Year's resolutions: celebrity cancer diagnoses.

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In a study published this week in Preventive Medicine, researchers from San Diego State University, the Santa Fe Institute, the University of North Carolina and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health found that when celebrities publicly discuss their struggles with cancer diagnoses, the resulting media coverage prompts more smokers to search for information on quitting than events like New Year's Day or World No Tobacco Day.

Public health experts have long known these discussions spur others to get screened for cancer or consider the same treatments, but it was unclear whether these discussions also promoted cancer prevention behaviors, like quitting smoking. This question has evaded study because the method most commonly used to assess cancer-related behaviors -- annual telephone surveys -- isn't fine-grained enough to tell researchers which events are influencing respondents' answers.

The researchers, led by San Diego State University research professor John W. Ayers, investigated whether a different method might yield new insights. Using the case of former Brazilian President Lula da Silva, who was diagnosed with laryngeal cancer in October 2011 and attributed his cancer to his long-held smoking habit, the researchers analyzed both media coverage of smoking cessation and the public's online search activity surrounding the event.

By mining Google News archives, the team found Brazilian news coverage of quitting increased as much as 500 percent immediately after the diagnosis -- and remained 163 percent higher for one week -- before returning to typical levels. At the same time, Brazilian Google searches related to quitting smoking increased by 67 percent.

However, long after the media stopped covering Lula's diagnosis, the public had not forgotten. Two weeks after the diagnosis, quitting-related Google searches remained 153 percent higher than expected, and remained 130 percent and 71 percent higher three and four weeks respectively after Lula's announcement.

"Lula's announced cancer diagnosis, though tragic, was potentially the greatest smoking cessation-promoting event in Brazilian history," Ayers said. "Interest in quitting smoking, as indicated by Google searches, reached its highest recorded level after Lula's diagnosis, even when compared to traditional cessation awareness events such as New Year's Day or World No Tobacco Day."

Benjamin Althouse, the study's coauthor and Santa Fe Institute epidemiologist added, "In practical terms, we estimated there were about 1.1 million more quit-smoking queries in Brazil the month after Lula's diagnosis than expected. Not only will quitting prevent throat cancer, but it can prevent nearly all cancers, including lung, stomach, breast, etc."

The benefits don't end there. Following Lula's diagnosis, Brazilian legislators passed a number of new laws strengthening anti-tobacco measures in the country, making Brazil the largest smoke-free nation in the world, said Joanna E. Cohen, another coauthor and director of the Johns Hopkins Institute for Global Tobacco Control.

"This study is the first to demonstrate that celebrity diagnoses can prompt the public to engage in behaviors that prevent cancer," said Seth M. Noar, coauthor and health communication professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. "Harnessing this finding will save far more lives than screening alone."

The study has a compelling lesson for tobacco control advocates, concluded Ayers: "These kinds of events act as teachable moments when the public is more receptive to messages about cancer than is ordinarily the case. When these events take place, tobacco control and cancer prevention advocates should better leverage these opportunities to promote behaviors that will prevent all future cancers."

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2013-12-11

Business End of an era: Micron and Rambus settle decades-old litigation

2013/12/11

Rambus and Micron have settled their legal dispute. This is as epic a result as the resolution of Jarndyce vs Jarndyce.

“This milestone agreement puts years of legal disputes behind both companies and opens doors for future cooperation,” says Rambus CEO Dr. Ron Black, “we continue to focus on developing innovative technology and furthering our more open, collaborative relationship with the broader industry.”

The two companies have settled all outstanding patent and antitrust claims, and the agreement covers both Micron and Elpida products.

The two companies have signed a broad patent cross license agreement under which Micron gains the right to use any Rambus patent for the manufacture of specified ICs including memory ICs.

Certain memory ICs will enjoy a perpetual, paid-up license after the end of the initial term.

The agreement requires quarterly royalty payments to Rambus over the next seven years capped at $10 million per quarter, with a rolling twelve-month cap fixed at $40 million, or $280 million during the initial term.

In addition, Micron will have the option to extend the initial term of this agreement for additional renewal periods.

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Business Medical electronics to grow strongly after a 3 year dip, says IC insights.

2013/12/11

Medical electronics is expected to regain strength in the next three years after slowing since 2010 due to the weak global economy and efforts to curb healthcare costs in the U.S. and Europe, says IC Insights.

Medical electronics sales will grow 8% to about $50.9 billion in 2014 after rising just 3% in 2013 to an estimated $47.3 billion.

Sales of semiconductors used in medical systems are also expected to gain strength in 2014, rising 12% to $4.9 billion after growing 7% in 2013 to about $4.4 billion.

Between 2012 and 2017, worldwide sales of medical electronics are projected to rise by a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.3%, reaching $65.4 billion in 2017.

Semiconductor sales for healthcare systems applications will grow at a CAGR of 10.5% and reaching $6.8 billion in 2017.

In the years ahead, stronger growth in medical electronics will be fueled by sales of less expensive diagnostic and imaging equipment in China and other developing country markets as well as the explosion of wireless mobile healthcare systems that monitor patients remotely and reduce the need for expensive stays in hospitals.

Wireless mobile medical systems and closely associated wearable fitness-tracking devices generating revenues of nearly $1.9 billion in 2014, which is a 53% increase from about $1.2 billion in 2013, when worldwide sales grew 27%.

Development trends in medical systems for hospitals, clinics, and doctor offices are heading in two different directions as equipment makers respond to growing pressures for lower costs and increased availability of healthcare in poor and developing countries.
One trend is to make new medical diagnostic systems smaller and less expensive so that equipment can be used in the rooms of hospital patients, more clinics, and doctor offices versus the dedicated examination rooms in hospitals and imaging centers.

Advancements in semiconductor sensors—many of them built with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology—wireless ICs, and system-on-chip (SoC) designs are also enabling new types of mobile medical devices that monitor patients and the elderly at home and then relay information to doctors or hospitals via wireless connections to cellphones or the Internet.

The other trend is the creation of more powerful and integrated systems, which are expensive but promise to lower healthcare costs by detecting cancer and diseases sooner while supporting less invasive surgery for quick recovery times and shorter stays in hospitals.

Computer-assisted surgery systems, surgical robots, and operating-room automation are among new technologies being pursued by some hospitals in developed-country markets.

Developed countries (such as the U.S., Europe, and Japan) have about 18% of the world’s population, but account for nearly 80% of total healthcare spending—approximately $5.3 billion versus $1.4 billion in 178 developing and poor countries during 2012.

The world’s aging population in both developed and developing countries stands to greatly benefit from new wireless health-monitoring systems and telemedicine services that are aimed at reducing cost and serving more patients.

While the large established markets have struggled in recent years, medical equipment sales have been booming in China, which is pursuing an ambitious initiative to significantly upgrade primary healthcare, hospitals, medical infrastructure, and access to medical services in the country’s vast rural regions.

China’s investments in medical and healthcare infrastructure are expected to total $63.5 billion this decade.

Consequently, China’s share of worldwide medical systems sales is expected to more than double in the next four years, reaching 10% in 2017 versus 4% in 2013, while the marketshares of developed countries shrink, according to IC Insights.

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You are what your father eats: Father's diet before conception plays crucial role in offspring's health, study suggests

The research focused on vitamin B9, also called folate, which is found in a range of green leafy vegetables, cereals, fruit and meats. It is well known that in order to prevent miscarriages and birth defects mothers need to get adequate amounts of folate in their diet. But the way that a father's diet can influence the health and development of their offspring has received almost no attention. Now research from the Kimmins group shows for the first time that the father's folate levels may be just as important to the development and health of their offspring as are those of the mother. Indeed, the study suggests that fathers should pay as much attention to their lifestyle and diet before they set out to conceive a child as mothers do.

"Despite the fact that folic acid is now added to a variety of foods, fathers who are eating high-fat, fast food diets or who are obese may not be able to use or metabolize folate in the same way as those with adequate levels of the vitamin," says Kimmins. "People who live in the Canadian North or in other parts of the world where there is food insecurity may also be particularly at risk for folate deficiency. And we now know that this information will be passed on from the father to the embryo with consequences that may be quite serious."

The researchers arrived at this conclusion by working with mice, and comparing the offspring of fathers with insufficient folate in their diets with the offspring of fathers whose diets contained sufficient levels of the vitamin. They found that paternal folate deficiency was associated with an increase in birth defects of various kinds in the offspring, compared to the offspring of mice whose fathers were fed a diet with sufficient folate.

"We were very surprised to see that there was an almost 30 per cent increase in birth defects in the litters sired by fathers whose levels of folates were insufficient," said Dr. Romain Lambrot, of McGill's Dept. of Animal Science, one of the researchers who worked on the study. "We saw some pretty severe skeletal abnormalities that included both cranio-facial and spinal deformities."

The research from the Kimmins' group shows that there are regions of the sperm epigenome that are sensitive to life experience and particularly to diet. And that this information is in turn transferred to a so-called epigenomic map that influences development and may also influence metabolism and disease in the offspring in the long-term. (The epigenome is like a switch, which is affected by environmental cues, and is involved in many diseases including cancer and diabetes. The epigenome influences the way that genes are turned on or off, and hence how heritable information gets passed along).

Although it has been known for some time that there is a massive erasure and re-establishment that takes place in the epigenome as the sperm develops, this study now shows that along with the developmental map, the sperm also carries a memory of the father's environment and possibly even of his diet and lifestyle choices.

"Our research suggests that fathers need to think about what they put in their mouths, what they smoke and what they drink and remember they are caretakers of generations to come," said Kimmins. "If all goes as we hope, our next step will be to work with collaborators at a fertility clinic so that we can start assessing the links in men between diet, being overweight and how this information relates to the health of their children."

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NASA's Juno Spacecraft Hears Amateur Radio Operators Say 'Hi': Message was first-of-its-kind for an interplanetary spacecraft

According to Donald Kirchner, University of Iowa research engineer on Juno and one of the coordinators of the all-volunteer "Say Hi to Juno" project, all licensed amateur radio operators were invited to participate by visiting a website and following posted instructions.

"The idea was to coordinate the efforts of amateur radio operators all over the world, and send a message in Morse code that could be received by the University of Iowa-designed-and-built instrument on the Juno spacecraft," he says. "We know that over a thousand participated, and probably many more than that."

Interestingly, Juno did not return the greeting or even decode the message itself. Rather, after the amateur radio operators' messages were sent, the Juno team evaluated the Waves instrument data containing the messages after the Oct. 9 flyby. The message was visible early in the event when the spacecraft was still over 37,000 kilometers -- about 23,000 miles -- from the Earth.

Kirchner notes that although previous space missions -- Galileo on its way to Jupiter and Cassini while headed for Saturn -- were able to detect shortwave radio transmissions during their Earth encounters, it was not possible to decode intelligent information using the data from those spacecraft.

According to Bill Kurth, UI research scientist and lead investigator for the Waves instrument: "We believe this was the first intelligent information to be transmitted to a passing interplanetary space instrument, as simple as the message may seem," he says. "This was a way to involve a large number of people -- those not usually associated with Juno -- in a small portion of the mission. This raises awareness, and we've already heard from some that they'll be motivated to follow the Juno mission through its science phase at Jupiter."

Kurth participated in a press conference on the scientific information gathered during Juno's Earth fly-by, as well as the success of the "Say Hi to Juno" project during the Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco.

Kirchner says that the project originated when public outreach staff at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., wanted to know if the UI receiver was able to pick up a voice message. Although that isn't possible, Kurth and Kirchner came up with the idea that a slow Morse code message should work.

Kirchner is an amateur radio operator, himself, and took the lead in designing the project. His usual ham activities include being an assistant emergency coordinator with the Johnson County Amateur Radio Emergency Service, which works closely with the Johnson County Emergency Management Agency to provide backup and auxiliary communications. To make the transmission to Juno, he enlisted a student organization, the UI Amateur Radio Club, to set up a temporary station on the roof of Van Allen Hall. Operating for a few days up to the flyby, he and other club members contacted hundreds of stations in 40 states and 17 countries to raise awareness of the project.

The "say Hi" project was made possible by the fact that Juno passed within 350 miles of the Earth's surface on Oct. 9 in a maneuver to gain momentum for its July 2016 encounter with Jupiter.

Plans call for Juno to orbit Jupiter 33 times. Among a variety of investigations, Juno will explore Jupiter's northern and southern lights by flying directly through the electrical current systems that generate them.

The Waves instrument was built at the UI by a group of about a dozen scientists, engineers, and technicians, led by Kurth and Kirchner. Terry Averkamp, Chris Piker, and William Robinson, also an amateur radio operator, assist in the operation of the Waves instrument and in the data processing. UI researchers are Kurth and colleagues UI professor Don Gurnett and research scientist George Hospodarsky. The Juno project is a collaborative enterprise led by Scott Bolton, of the Southwest Research Institute of San Antonio, including the UI and many other organizations and individuals.

NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, Calif., manages the Juno mission for the principal investigator, Bolton. The Juno mission is part of the New Frontiers Program managed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala. Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Denver, built and operates the spacecraft. Launch management for the mission was the responsibility of NASA's Launch Services Program at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. JPL is a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.

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Holiday shopping for friends? Looking for unique gifts might not be best plan

Dec. 10, 2013 — Finding the perfect gift for that special someone is never easy and the challenge gets even harder during the holiday season. According to a new study in the Journal of Consumer Research, consumers shopping for more than one person tend to pass on "guaranteed hits" in lieu of getting something unique for each person on their list.

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"Having multiple recipients in mind not only means that more gifts are needed, but it may change what shoppers focus on when making gift selections," write authors Mary Steffel (University of Cincinnati) and Robyn A. LeBoeuf (University of Florida). "Our research indicates that shoppers selecting gifts for more than one person at a time may focus on getting different gifts for each recipient rather than on simply getting what each would like best."

This behavior is what the researchers term "over-individuation," or the tendency for shoppers to select a variety of gifts even when they know the recipients won't be comparing gifts. Ironically, this means that the more shoppers try to be thoughtful, the more likely they are to pass up gifts that would be better liked in favor of individuated gifts.

Consider someone giving a magazine subscription to two friends, both of whom are avid sports fans. Instead of getting both friends a sports magazine, the giver might select a technology magazine for the first friend and a travel magazine for the second, even though both friends might have preferred a sports magazine and even though the giver might have given a sports magazine to either friend if he or she were the only recipient.

In six experiments, the researchers asked shoppers to choose gifts for one or more person. In all of the studies, one gift item was pre-tested to be more appealing than the other available gift items. When shopping for one recipient, shoppers tended to choose the most appealing gift. However, when shopping for multiple recipients, shoppers tended to pass up the more appealing gift in favor of getting different gifts for each person.

"To help consumers from losing sight of what gifts people would most appreciate, we encourage gift givers to think about the type of gifts the recipient would most likely pick for themselves," the authors conclude.

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You are what your father eats

Dec. 10, 2013 — Mothers get all the attention. But a study led by McGill researcher Sarah Kimmins suggests that the father's diet before conception may play an equally important role in the health of their offspring. It also raises concerns about the long-term effects of current Western diets and of food insecurity.

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Research Spintronics demistified

2013/12/10

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Spins on a finite-size frustrated lattice:
a Mo₇₂Fe₃₀ supramolecular magnet
Source: ILL

Spintronics might be the future of electronics, but what is it?

In short, it is a way of getting over a fundamental limitation in electronics: that electrons have charge and every time a charge is moved to do something, some of the effort gets turned into heat.

Quite separately from charge, electrons have a property called spin, and it is this property that might one day be exploited in spintronics to move information without losing so much energy.

So, what is spin?

“An electron has charge which is electrical and spin which is magnetic. In spintronics, we would use spin in addition to charge,” Dr Paul Steffens, a neutron scientist studying magnetism at the ILL neutron lab in Grenoble. “Magnetism can come from loop of current: a loop of wire, or an electron circling an atom, or an electron’s magnetic moment. It is not completely absurd to think of spin as a little current loop. It is a picture that can help. Think of it as a tiny magnet which you can manipulate with a magnetic field.”

Spin is already used commercially, in ‘GMR’ read heads within hard disc drives.

“There are many things that can happen with spin. On a large scale, iron staying magnetic is the most useful example. Data storage on a hard disc with information in magnetic regions is on the limit of where quantum effects play a role, where we have to think in terms of quantum mechanics,” said Steffens.

For the purposes of spintronics, the spin of a particular electron can either be ‘spin up’ or ‘spin down’, and the handy thing about spin is that it can move around without capacitively coupling into the surroundings wasting energy.

“If you could just move the spin part of the electron, you would generate less heat, but if you only have one electron, you can’t move spin and not charge,” ILL theoretical physicist Dr Tim Ziman told Electronics Weekly. “If there are many electrons, we can move spin ups in one direction and spin downs in the other direction. Then, to a first approximation, spin is actually moving but there is no net movement of charge because there is no net movement of electrons.”

A first approximation?

“They do exchange charge and spin, but that is not the important thing,” said Ziman.

Charge current and spin current have different characteristics, he went on to explain: Charge current keeps on moving while spin current is at the mercy of ‘spin diffusion’ – the random flipping of spin states – which means net spin flow soon peters out.

Luckily, spin diffusion need not be a barrier to spintronics as, in good conditions, spin can travel over micrometres before it diffuses, which is plenty if spintronics is to follow the ever-smaller model of electronics. This does mean that data has to arrive and leave in electronic form, with suitable converters around the spintronics.

“One of the problems, which is partially solved, is to convert charge current into spin current and then detect spin as electrical polarisation,” said Ziman, whose is seeking ways to make strong spin currents: “I am looking at co-operative scattering, for example spin waves.”

‘Skew scattering’ one way of separating spin up and spin down electrons, said Ziman: “You need to do it efficiently. I don’t think anyone has made a useful circuit yet.”

Methods of both storing and moving information have been proposed and, with the less-than-perfect conversion available, “people have made devices in last five to ten years, and have integrated them into normal electronic circuits”, said Ziman.

Quantum computing

Spintronics is closely related to two other research fields, and developments in any of them can benefit all three.

One is quantum computing. “Devices are feasible. You want quantum interference; it is part of the same technology, at a similar stage, with a similar community working on it,” said Ziman.

The other is manipulating magnetic domain walls with electrical currents. “This is similar to spintronics, it is really part of it, for memory rather than logical operations. There is a lot of similar physics.”

Slightly less related is a push to move NMR – the body scanning technique – into the nano world. “It could revolutionise biology,” said Ziman.

Why do magnetics and spin scientist work at a neutron laboratory?

The answer is that neutrons have spin, but carry no charge.

Just as x-rays can reveal the structure of molecules and crystals – as they did with DNA – neutrons can reveal a material’s spin structure without being confused by its internal charge structure.

In the ILL case, the beam comes from a nuclear reactor and is the most powerful in the world, according to Ziman. It is around 1cm in diameter, and its diffraction is analysed after it has passed through a sample of the material under scrutiny.

“Neutrons are best for looking at the magnetic properties of bulk material. You can’t put a nanowire into a neutron beam and expect a result,” said Ziman. “Neutrons are also good for viewing domain walls, and exotic things like magnetic skyrmions which are the smallest domains and form lattices that could store data.”

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