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2013-12-13

Surprise: Duck-billed dinosaurs had fleshy 'cocks comb'

Dec. 12, 2013 — A rare, mummified specimen of the duck-billed dinosaur Edmontosauraus regalis described in the Cell Press journal Current Biology on December 12 shows for the first time that those dinosaurs' heads were adorned with a fleshy comb, most similar to the roosters' red crest.

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The most common dinosaurs in North America between 75 and 65 million years ago, duck-billed dinosaurs were gentle giants, about 12 meters long, and filled the same ecological role that kangaroos or deer play today. But no one had suspected that they -- or other dinosaurs, for that matter -- had fleshy structures on the tops of their heads.

"Until now, there has been no evidence for bizarre soft-tissue display structures among dinosaurs; these findings dramatically alter our perception of the appearance and behavior of this well-known dinosaur and allow us to comment on the evolution of head crests in this group," says Phil Bell from Australia's University of New England. "It also raises the thought-provoking possibility of similar crests among other dinosaurs."

The dinosaur specimen in question was found in deposits west of the city of Grande Prairie in west-central Alberta, Canada. Bell, along with Federico Fanti from the University of Bologna, Italy, knew they had something special when they found skin impressions on parts of the mummified body. But it wasn't until Bell put a chisel through the top of the crest that he realized they really had something incredible.

"An elephant's trunk or a rooster's crest might never fossilize because there's no bone in them," Bell explains. "This is equivalent to discovering for the first time that elephants had trunks. We have lots of skulls of Edmontosaurus, but there are no clues on them that suggest they might have had a big fleshy crest. There's no reason that other strange fleshy structures couldn't have been present on a whole range of other dinosaurs, including T. rex or Triceratops."

Of course, it's hard to tell what that cocks comb might have done for the duck-billed dinosaurs. In roosters and some other birds, bright red crests are a way to get the girls. "We might imagine a pair of male Edmontosaurus sizing each other up, bellowing, and showing off their head gear to see who was the dominant male and who is in charge of the herd," Bell says.

We may never know exactly, but the new study is a useful reminder of just how bizarre and amazing dinosaurs really were, the researchers say. There is much left to discover.

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Viewpoints RS sees democratisation of electronics design

2013/12/12

Glenn Jarrett

Over the past year or so, the world of electronics has undergone a period of massive democratisation – never before has electronics design and technology been as accessible or affordable to a mass audience as it is now, writes Glenn Jarrett, global head of product marketing, RS Components.

Low-cost development platforms such as the Arduino, and particularly the Raspberry Pi, have started to open up the world of technology to an audience that was previously uninterested, inexpert, or simply could not afford to experiment with electronic design.

Also, we are beginning to see rapid expansion of the open-source hardware movement, which is not entirely dissimilar to the open-source software revolution that began in the 1990s – Linux being the most prominent example – which is now used in most of the servers that power the Internet.

These movements are of course largely underpinned by the Internet, enabling the sharing of hardware and software developments, ideas and innovations via engineering design communities such as DesignSpark.

Another major contribution to this increased accessibility is the availability of free-to-download electronic and mechanical design software, in conjunction with component models and low-cost 3D printers. And distribution has certainly played a leading role here.

When RS launched its free schematic-entry and board-layout DesignSpark PCB software tool a little more than three years ago, the idea of a distributor being a credible source of electronics design tools was a new one. And it was greeted across the industry with a mix of optimism, curiosity and a degree of scepticism.

But as engineers first became aware of the tool, then downloaded and started to use it, quickly they recognized the considerable time- and cost-saving benefits it could offer for their design projects.

Fast-forward to 2013 and the word has spread. The more than 200,000 engineers around the world that have now downloaded the software are living proof that we have earned their trust as a provider of reliable online tools. This has been reinforced by another significant milestone: the download figures of the ModelSource component library, which hit the 100,000 mark in November, just one year after it was introduced.

2013 has also been a big year for 3D design: the emergence of 3D printers on to the mass market has grabbed the attention of engineering teams keen to achieve quick turnaround on prototypes with the genuine promise of cutting weeks or even months from the design cycle.

Ormerod 3D printer

One of the industry’s most innovative 3D printing technologies has been developed here in the UK: RepRapPro has created a low-cost and open-source self-replicating 3D printer that can print most of its own components. The company has recently joined forces with RS to bring to market its new Ormerod 3D printing kit.

This collaboration quickly followed the launch of the free and highly intuitive DesignSpark Mechanical 3D modelling tool and it has been received with unprecedented enthusiasm by the engineering community, reaching 100,000 downloads less than two months after its unveiling. This immediate appeal of the tool has had a significant knock-on effect on the RS 3D CAD model programme, which has seen the number of model downloads soar past half a million over recent weeks.

The increasing accessibility of technology to all – whether it is low-cost development platforms, free easy-to-use design software or the ability to employ 3D printers to rapidly prototype or even manufacture products at extremely low-cost – is something that is only going to develop further in 2014.

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Novel bio-inspired method to grow high-quality graphene for high-end electronic devices

This breakthrough, inspired by how beetles and tree frogs keep their feet attached to submerged leaves, is the first published technique that accomplishes both the growth and transfer steps of graphene on a silicon wafer. This technique enables the technological application of graphene in photonics and electronics, for devices such as optoelectronic modulators, transistors, on-chip biosensors and tunneling barriers.

The innovation was first published online in the scientific journal Nature on 11 December 2013.

Demand for graphene in silicon-based industries

Graphene has attracted a lot of attention in recent years because of its outstanding electronic, optical and mechanical properties, as well as its use as transparent conductive films for touch screen panels of electrodes. However, the production of high quality wafer-scale graphene films is beset by many challenges, among which is the absence of a technique to grow and transfer graphene with minimal defects for use in semiconductor industries.

Said Prof Loh, who is also a Principal Investigator with the Graphene Research Centre at NUS Faculty of Science, "Although there are many potential applications for flexible graphene, it must be remembered that to date, most semiconductors operate on "stiff" substrates such as silicon and quartz."

"The direct growth of graphene film on silicon wafer is useful for enabling multiple optoelectronic applications, but current research efforts remain grounded at the proof-of-concept stage. A transfer method serving this market segment is definitely needed, and has been neglected in the hype for flexible devices," Prof Loh added.

Drawing inspiration from beetles and tree frogs

To address the current technological gap, the NUS team led by Prof Loh drew their cues from how beetles and tree frogs keep their feet attached to fully submerged leaves, and developed a new process called "face-to-face transfer."

Dr Gao Libo, the first author of the paper and a researcher with the Graphene Research Centre at NUS Faculty of Science, grew graphene on a copper catalyst layer coating a silicon substrate. After growth, the copper is etched away while the graphene is held in place by bubbles that form capillary bridges, similar to those seen around the feet of beetles and tree frogs attached to submerged leaves. The capillary bridges help to keep the graphene on the silicon surface and prevent its delamination during the etching of the copper catalyst. The graphene then attaches to the silicon layer.

To facilitate the formation of capillary bridges, a pre-treatment step involving the injection of gases into the wafer was applied by Dr Gao. This helps to modify the properties of the interface and facilitates the formation of capillary bridges during the infiltration of a catalyst-removal liquid. The co-addition of surfactant helps to iron out any folds and creases that may be created during the transfer process.

Industrial applications and new insights

This novel technique of growing graphene directly on silicon wafers and other stiff substrates will be very useful for the development of rapidly emerging graphene-on-silicon platforms, which have shown a promising range of applications. The "face-to-face transfer" method developed by the NUS team is also amenable to batch-processed semiconductor production lines, such as the fabrication of large-scale integrated circuits on silicon wafers.

To further their research, Prof Loh and his team will optimise the process in order to achieve high throughput production of large diameter graphene on silicon, as well as target specific graphene-enabled applications on silicon. The team is also applying the techniques to other two-dimensional films. Talks are now underway with potential industry partners.

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2013-12-12

Business New superconductor found

2013/12/12

picene A research group at Okayama University has found a new superconductor – doped picene.

“We are using chemistry to produce new physics,” says Professor Yoshihiro Kubozono at the Department of Chemistry of Okayama University, “our recent discovery that solid picene—a wide-bandgap semiconducting hydrocarbon—doped with potassium becomes superconducting at 7 K and 18 K is a good example because physicists are investigating the role of alkali dopants in organic compounds. We are the only group in the world focusing on superconducting picene.”

These results may find applications in the development of superconducting devices that dissipate extremely low energy.

Other areas of research being pursued by Kubozono and his group includes electrostatic carrier doping in two-dimensional materials such as graphene, and liquid ammonia based synthesis of metal intercalated FeSe superconductors.

Electrostatic carrier doping enables the control of electrons or holes at the interface between an ‘ionic liquid gate’ and the underlying material—analogous to the control of carrier channels in semiconducting gated field effect transistors.

“We have a wide range of activities on ionic liquid gated materials,” says Kubozono. “We recently reported on why is it difficult to realize high carrier density in graphene.”

Kubozono’s team works with Durham conducting experiments on the effect of pressure on the properties of superconductors.

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Business Photonic IC launch in 2014 for ST

2013/12/12

STMicroelectronics expects to have first silicon photonics products by mid-2014, reports gazettabyte.

The products have been in the ST pipeline since March 2012, when ST took a licence from Luxtera.

The first chip-sets will be made on a 65nm process at Crolles. The photonics and the electronics of each product will be on separate die.

The initial target market is for connectivity in data centres

The technology delivers low-cost transceivers for data rates of 100Gb, 400Gb and upwards with support for 1310nm, 1490nm and 1550nm wavelengths

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Business STs Photonic Interconnect ICs To Launch Next Year

2013/12/12

STMicroelectronics expects to have first silicon photonics interconnect ICs by mid-2014, reports gazettabyte.

The products have been in the ST pipeline since March 2012, when ST took a licence from Luxtera.

The first chip-sets will be made on a 65nm process at Crolles. The photonics and the electronics of each product will be on separate die.

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Differences in educational achievement owe more to genetics than environment, finds study of UK students

The study, which took place in the UK, looked at students' scores for their GCSE's (General Certificate of Secondary Education), a UK-wide examination at the end of compulsory education at 16 years old.

The authors explain that the findings do not imply that educational achievement is genetically pre-determined, or that environmental interventions are not important, but rather that recognising the importance of children's natural predispositions may help improve learning.

Researchers compared the GCSE exam scores of over 11,000 identical and non-identical 16 year old twins from the Medical Research Council (MRC) funded Twins Early Development Study (TEDS). Identical twins share 100% of their genes, whereas fraternal (non-identical) twins share on average only half of the genes that vary between people. Therefore, if identical twins' exam scores are more alike than those of non-identical twins, the difference in exam scores between the two sets of twins is due to genetics, rather than environment.

The researchers found that for compulsory core subjects (English, Mathematics and Science), genetic differences between students explain on average 58% of the differences between GCSE scores. In contrast, 29% of the differences in core subject grades are due to shared environment -- such as schools, neighbourhoods or families which twins share. The remaining differences in GCSE scores were explained by non-shared environment, unique to each individual.

Overall, science grades (such as Biology, Chemistry, Physics) were found to be more heritable than Humanities grades (such as Media Studies, Art, Music) -- 58% vs 42%, respectively.

Nicholas Shakeshaft, PhD student at the Institute of Psychiatry at King's College London and lead author of the paper says: "Children differ in how easily they learn at school. Our research shows that differences in students' educational achievement owe more to nature than nurture. Since we are studying whole populations, this does not mean that genetics explains 60% of an individual's performance, but rather that genetics explains 60% of the differences between individuals, in the population as it exists at the moment. This means that heritability is not fixed -- if environmental influences change, then the influence of genetics on educational achievement may change too."

Professor Robert Plomin, senior author at the Institute of Psychiatry at King's College London and Director of the TEDS study, says: "Whilst these findings have no necessary or specific implications for educational policies, it's important to recognise the major role that genetics plays in children's educational achievement. It means that educational systems which are sensitive to children's individual abilities and needs, which are derived in part from their genetic predispositions, might improve educational achievement."

Professor Michael O'Donovan, from the Neurosciences and Mental Health board at the Medical Research Council (MRC), said "The findings from this substantial cohort add to a convincing body of evidence that genes influence characteristics that are ultimately reflected in educational performance. But it is equally important to stress that the researchers found that environments for students are also important and that the study does not imply that improvements in education will not have important benefits. For individuals living in the best and worst environments, this exposure is likely to make more of a difference to their educational prospects than their genes. Further research is needed to assess the implications of the findings for educational strategies. The MRC-funded TEDS cohort highlights the importance of long-term investment and how this can help improve our understanding of how genes and environment interact over the course of our lives."

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New system allows for high-accuracy, through-wall, 3-D motion tracking; Technology could revolutionize gaming, fall detection

Dec. 11, 2013 — Imagine playing a video game like Call of Duty or Battlefield and having the ability to lead your virtual army unit while moving freely throughout your house.

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Gaming could become this realistic, thanks to new technology developed by Dina Katabi's research group at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab (CSAIL) that allows for highly accurate, 3-D motion tracking. The new system, dubbed "WiTrack," uses radio signals to track a person through walls and obstructions, pinpointing her 3-D location to within 10 to 20 centimeters -- about the width of an adult hand.

The researchers will present their findings during the Usenix Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation in April 2014.

"Today, if you are playing a game with the Xbox Kinect or Nintendo Wii, you have to stand right in front of your gaming console, which limits the types of games you can play," says Katabi, a professor of computer science and engineering and co-director of the MIT Center for Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing. "Imagine playing an interactive video game that transforms your entire home into a virtual world. The game console tracks you as you run down real hallways away from video game enemies, or as you hide from other players behind couches and walls. This is what WiTrack can bring to video gaming."

Earlier this year, Katabi and her graduate student Fadel Adib unveiled WiVi, a system that detects humans through walls and can track the direction of their movement using WiFi signals. Based on this earlier work, Katabi and Adib developed WiTrack in collaboration with Rob Miller, a professor of computer science and engineering, and graduate student Zach Kabelac. In comparison to WiVi, WiTrack has significantly higher accuracy and can track both two-dimensional and three-dimensional movement using specialized radio waves, as opposed to WiFi signals.

WiTrack operates by tracking specialized radio signals reflected off a person's body to pinpoint location and movement. The system uses multiple antennas: one for transmitting signals and three for receiving. The system then builds a geometric model of the user's location by transmitting signals between the antennas and using the reflections off a person's body to estimate the distance between the antennas and the user. WiTrack is able to locate motion with significantly increased accuracy, as opposed to tracking devices that rely on wireless signals, according to Adib.

"Because of the limited bandwidth, you cannot get very high location accuracy using WiFi signals," Adib says. "WiTrack transmits a very low-power radio signal, 100 times smaller than WiFi and 1,000 times smaller than what your cell phone can transmit. But the signal is structured in a particular way to measure the time from when the signal was transmitted until the reflections come back. WiTrack has a geometric model that maps reflection delays to the exact location of the person. The model can also eliminate reflections off walls and furniture to allow us to focus on tracking human motion."

In other motion-tracking systems, users must carry a wireless device or stand directly in front of the sensing device in order for the device to pick up movement. By using specialized radio signals, WiTrack frees users from wireless devices and allows them to roam spaces freely while still providing high-accuracy localization.

The system's ability to track motion through obstructions could make it particularly useful not only in gaming, but also in tracking elderly patients at high risk of falling. Current approaches to fall detection require individuals to continuously wear sensors or install cameras in the person's home. While WiTrack does not require individuals to wear sensors or install cameras, it can still detect falls with very high accuracy.

The ability of the WiTrack system to perform high-accuracy localization without expending enormous amounts of computational power is a promising new development in motion-tracking technology, according to Victor Bahl, a principal researcher and director of mobility and networking research at Microsoft Research.

"Motion tracking has generally been accomplished by analyzing images captured from strategically placed cameras inside the room. A limitation of such systems is that they only work when the moving object is directly in the camera's line of sight," Bahl says. "Another problem is [that] image analysis is a computationally heavyweight operation."

"The technology Professor Katabi and her students have developed does not have these limitations," he adds. "Their system detects movement without requiring a huge amount of computational power, and without having to be placed inside the room. The surprising thing is that it is very accurate. There is still more research to be done, but the approach is promising."

The team is currently working on advancing the WiTrack system so that it can track more than one person in motion at a time. The researchers believe the system should be easily adaptable to commercial settings. "The system is not expensive or time-consuming to produce and it could be miniaturized for easier production and use," Kabelac says.

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Study raises questions about longstanding forensic identification technique

Dec. 11, 2013 — Forensic experts have long used the shape of a person's skull to make positive identifications of human remains. But those findings may now be called into question, since a new study from North Carolina State University shows that there is not enough variation in skull shapes to make a positive ID.

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"In a lot of cases, murder victims or the victims of disasters are from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and don't have extensive dental records we can use to make a match," says Dr. Ann Ross, a forensic expert and professor of anthropology at NC State who is senior author of a paper on the new study. "But those people may have been in car accidents or other incidents that led them to have their skulls X-rayed in emergency rooms or elsewhere. And those skull X-rays have often been used to make IDs. I've done it myself.

"But now we've tried to validate this technique, and our research shows that the shape of the skull isn't enough to make a positive ID," Ross says.

At issue is the "cranial vault outline," not the "face" of the skull. The cranial vault outline is the profile of the skull when viewed from the side, running from just above the bridge of the nose to the point where the skull and neck meet.

For the study, the researchers surveyed 106 members of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. Survey participants were asked to evaluate 14 antemortem X-rays and five postmortem X-rays. Participants were then asked to match the 5 postmortem X-rays with the appropriate antemortem X-ray, effectively establishing a positive ID.

But the researchers found that only 47 percent of the participants made accurate identifications on all five skulls. Participants who have Ph.D.s did slightly better, with 56 percent of them getting all five correct. (The test has been made available here so that anyone can take it.)

"This doesn't mean that cranial vault outlines aren't useful," says Ashley Maxwell, lead author of the paper and a former graduate student at NC State. "For example, outlines can be valuable if teeth or other features are missing or have been destroyed. But it does mean that cranial vault outlines shouldn't be given too much weight.

"The more characteristics we can take into account, such as facial features and cranial vault outlines, the more accurate we can be," Maxwell says.

The paper, "A Radiographic Study on the Utility of Cranial Vault Outlines for Positive Identifications," is published online in the Journal of Forensic Sciences.

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Imagine bringing video game characters through your house: New system allows for high-accuracy, through-wall, 3-D motion tracking

The researchers will present their findings during the Usenix Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation in April 2014.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbFZPPC7REc

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