Replica Designer Watches

2015-05-17

收藏别钻牛角尖：雅玩勿玩傻

　　搞古玩收藏，藏家往往根据个人的兴趣爱好、经济实力、鉴赏水平来决定自己的收藏取向。但是，常有人脱离“轨道”钻进牛角尖里，不仅给自己造成经济损失，也没能真正体会到收藏的乐趣。

　　怕触霉头不藏梅花图

　　对于古玩艺术品，人们常常会用有“灵性”来形容它带给人精神上的享受。不过，有的收藏人士却曲解了这种“灵性”，甚至用“迷信”的眼光去看待。

　　罗先生曾买到几幅名家的中国画，均是以梅花为主题。罗先生将这几幅画装裱好后挂在了家里，有一回家里来了个朋友，随口说了句“挂梅花在家里会不会倒霉？”这让罗先生心里有了个疙瘩，没多久他就以很低的价格把画卖了。从此以后，罗先生总喜欢把收藏跟个人的运气、身体健康联系在一起，听到别人说“这东西寓意很好”，就不惜重金买下，还时不时“淘汰”一些对自己“不利”的藏品。罗先生说，那段时间里，他损失了不少珍贵的藏品，现在想找也找不回来了。

　　古玩艺术品的收藏，主要是欣赏其艺术性，应该用科学的眼光来看待其历史用途、出处。如果是用“迷信”的眼光来看待古玩收藏，就难以体会得到传统文化带给人的精神享受了。

　　专收别人没见过的东西

　　古玩鉴赏中，常常会听到一些专家说“东西真好，我都没见过”。听到这些赞叹的时候，你就要注意了，专家的意思未必是你的东西真的好，言外之意是“你的东西已经超出了我的见识，我其实是拿不准、也不认同”。

　　可是，有的收藏人士却一厢情愿地去理解，甚至还钻进“牛角尖”，专收藏别人没见过的东西。

　　钟先生几年来醉心收藏广西出土的古代艺术品，据说手里有不少藏品属于稀罕物件。前不久，钟先生开办了一个私人收藏博物馆，展品以玉器和古陶为主，并从北京请来几位古玩界的专家一起鉴定，结果专家们一个劲儿点头，嘴里说“真好，没见过”。

　　钟先生的藏品里有许多“全国唯一一件”的东西，出自哪里、有何来历都说得有板有眼。最后，有专家坦言，钟先生可能是被人误导，而且这些“绝无仅有”的东西也没有资料可查询、对比，他钻进“牛角尖”后越发信以为真。专家说，玩收藏要建立在了解历史、尊重历史之上。

　　听不得任何不同意见

　　许多藏家将收藏看作是一种学习的过程，其中不可避免要与人交流探讨，自然会听到各种不同的意见。可是，有的藏家就听不得任何否定的意见，一味坚持自己的看法而不做理性判断。

　　收藏人士张先生，平时注意看书钻研，收藏水平迅速提升，但张先生的心理也开始有了变化，与藏友交流的时候，对别人的否定意见会很“上火”，非要说服对方不可。有一次，张先生参加一个朋友聚会，在场的一位人士拿出一件玉器说是明代的，可是张先生认为是民国时期后人仿的。两人由讨论变成争执，最后变成激烈争吵。更让人出乎意料的是，张先生情急之下拿起别人的玉器狠狠地摔到了地上，说：“绝对是假的，我帮你摔了，回头我给你个真的。”后来，张先生不但要赔玉器，还失去了许多朋友。

　　像张先生这样，钻进“说一不二”的牛角尖里，不仅听不进有益的建议，很可能还会让收藏之路越走越“歪”。

　　(李丽)

　　来源：邯郸日报

TAG:收藏别钻牛角尖：雅玩勿玩傻

2015-05-14

游客在河南古刹山野捡出神龟奇石

神龟奇石

　　中新网郑州5月13日电近日，河南郑州市民董先生在鲁山县雷音寺后山捡出一块酷似“神龟”的奇石，引得藏友、爱石者叹为观止。

　　董先生介绍称，“这块奇石是前段谷雨时节，和伙伴们在河南省中西部的鲁山县阿婆寨山游玩时，在“千年古刹”雷音寺的后山小径上，无意间捡出的。‘神龟’的尾部露在地面，头部与前半身都埋在土里，扒出来之后才惊奇的发现形似龟身。

　　这块“神龟”奇石身长约20厘米，高约8厘米。整身为土黄色，龟的双目分明、有神，后身尾部还生有暗绿色石锈，更似墨绿龟背。

　　雷音寺法师看到这块“神龟”奇石后称奇不已。认为此石形状更似昂天“赑屃”。赑屃是古代汉族神话传说中的龙之九子之一，龙头龟身，向天深望，长年累月地驮载着石碑，俗称“神龟驼碑”，常见于庙院祠堂里。另象征“长寿吉祥”。(子非)

TAG:游客在河南古刹山野捡出神龟奇石

Baboons prefer to spend time with others of the same age, status and even personality -- ScienceDaily

A team of researchers led by the University of Cambridge and international conservation charity the Zoological Society of London says that this may act as a barrier to the transfer of new social information to the wider troop, as previous research done by the team shows baboons of a certain age and personality type -- the younger, bolder animals -- are more likely to be information 'generators': those who solve new foraging problems.

Given that information generators spend much of their time in the company of similar baboons, researchers say there is a risk that acquired information may end up exclusively confined to other information generators, thus decreasing the likelihood of new knowledge being disseminated to the wider troop.

Research teams tracked the same two baboon troops from dawn until dusk across Namibia's Tsaobis Nature Park over several months each year between 2009-2014 to observe patterns of behaviour. The study is the first to monitor baboon social network structures over such a timescale and is published today in the journal Royal Society Open Science.

"Within these big troop networks over time social preferences are generally dictated by age, rank, personality and so on," said Dr Alecia Carter, from the University of Cambridge's Department of Zoology, first author of the study. "This happens in humans all the time; we hang out with people who have the same income, religion, education etc. Essentially, it's the same in baboons."

To test for the personality traits of 'boldness' -- essentially an assertive curiosity -- the researchers planted unfamiliar foods on the edge of paths commonly used by baboon troops. These stimuli included hard-boiled eggs and small bread rolls dyed red or green. The research team then measured the time spent on investigating the new foodstuff, and whether they ate it, to determine a scale of boldness for members of the baboon troops.

"Our analysis is the first to suggest that bolder and shyer baboons are more likely to associate with others that share this personality trait," said Dr Guy Cowlishaw from the Zoological Society of London, senior author of the study. "Previous studies in other animals -- from chimps to guppies -- suggests that time spent in the company of those with similar personalities could promote cooperation among individuals.

"Why baboons should demonstrate homophily for boldness is unclear, but it could be a heritable trait, and the patterns we're seeing reflect family associations."

Perhaps surprisingly, says Carter, gender was not a particular obstacle to social interaction, with females preferring to groom males. This is, in part, due to the obvious sexual engagements for breeding, but also as a tactic on the part of females to curry favour with particular males for the sake of their offspring.

"Chacma baboon males will often commit infanticide, killing the babies of rivals. Female baboons try and get around this by being as promiscuous as possible to confuse the paternal identity -- so males find it harder to tell if they are killing a rival's offspring or their own," added Dr Carter.

"They will also try and form bonds with particular males in the hope that they will protect their offspring and let the babies forage in good places with them -- although males tend to be fairly lazy when it comes to this; it's up to the babies to follow the males to good food."

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New class of 'dark' globular star clusters discovered around giant galaxy Centaurus A -- ScienceDaily

Globular star clusters are huge balls of thousands of stars that orbit most galaxies. They are among the oldest known stellar systems in the Universe and have survived through almost the entire span of galaxy growth and evolution.

Matt Taylor, a PhD student at the Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, and holder of an ESO Studentship, is lead author of the new study. He sets the scene: "Globular clusters and their constituent stars are keys to understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies. For decades, astronomers thought that the stars that made up a given globular cluster all shared the same ages and chemical compositions -- but we now know that they are stranger and more complicated creatures."

The elliptical galaxy Centaurus A (also known as NGC 5128) is the closest giant galaxy to the Milky Way and is suspected to harbour as many as 2000 globular clusters. Many of these globulars are brighter and more massive than the 150 or so orbiting the Milky Way.

Matt Taylor and his team have now made the most detailed studies so far of a sample of 125 globular star clusters around Centaurus A using the FLAMES instrument on ESO's Very Large Telescope at the Paranal Observatory in northern Chile [1].

They used these observations to deduce the mass of the clusters [2] and compare this result with how brightly each of the clusters shines.

For most of the clusters in the new survey, the brighter ones had more mass in the way that was expected -- if a cluster contains more stars it has greater total brightness and more total mass. But for some of the globulars something strange showed up: they were many times more massive than they looked. And even more strangely, the more massive these unusual clusters were, the greater the fraction of their material was dark. Something in these clusters was dark, hidden and massive. But what?

There were several possibilities. Perhaps the dark clusters contain black holes, or other dark stellar remnants in their cores? This may be a factor that explains some of the hidden mass, but the team concludes that it cannot be the whole story. What about dark matter? Globular clusters are normally considered to be almost devoid of this mysterious substance, but perhaps, for some unknown reason, some clusters have retained significant dark matter clumps in their cores. This would explain the observations but does not fit into conventional theory.

Co-author Thomas Puzia adds: "Our discovery of star clusters with unexpectedly high masses for the amount of stars they contain hints that there might be multiple families of globular clusters, with differing formation histories. Apparently some star clusters look like, walk like, and smell like run-of-the-mill globulars, but there may quite literally be more to them than meets the eye."

These objects remain a mystery. The team is also engaged in a wider survey of other globular clusters in other galaxies and there are some intriguing hints that such dark clusters may also be found elsewhere.

Matt Taylor sums up the situation: "We have stumbled on a new and mysterious class of star cluster! This shows that we still have much to learn about all aspects of globular cluster formation. It's an important result and we now need to find further examples of dark clusters around other galaxies."

Notes

[1] Up to now astronomers have studied star clusters to this detail only in the Local Group. The relatively small distances make direct measurements of their masses possible. Looking at NGC 5128, which is an isolated, massive elliptical galaxy just outside the Local Group about 12 million light-years away, they were able to estimate masses of globular clusters in a completely different environment by pushing VLT/FLAMES to its limits.

[2] The FLAMES observations provide information about the motions of the stars in the clusters. This orbital information depends on the strength of the gravitational field and can hence be used to deduce the mass of the cluster -- astronomers call such estimates dynamical masses. The light gathering power of a 8.2-metre VLT Unit Telescope mirror and FLAMES's ability to observe more than 100 clusters simultaneously was the key to collecting the data necessary for the study.

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Brains of smokers who quit successfully might be wired for success -- ScienceDaily

The study, published in Neuropsychopharmacology, showed greater connectivity among certain brain regions in people who successfully quit smoking compared to those who tried and failed.

The researchers analyzed MRI scans of 85 people taken one month before they attempted to quit. All participants stopped smoking and the researchers tracked their progress for 10 weeks. Forty-one participants relapsed. Looking back at the brain scans of the 44 smokers who quit successfully, the researchers found they had something in common before they stopped smoking -- better synchrony (coordinated activity) between the insula, home to urges and cravings, and the somatosensory cortex, a part of the brain that is central to our sense of touch and motor control.

"Simply put, the insula is sending messages to other parts of the brain that then make the decision to pick up a cigarette or not," said Merideth Addicott, Ph.D., assistant professor at Duke and lead author of the study.

The insula, a large region in the cerebral cortex, has been the subject of many smoking cessation studies that show this area of the brain is active when smokers are craving cigarettes, said Joseph McClernon, Ph.D., associate professor at Duke and the study's senior author. Other studies have found that smokers who suffer damage to the insula appear to spontaneously lose interest in smoking.

"There's a general agreement in the field that the insula is a key structure with respect to smoking and that we need to develop cessation interventions that specifically modulate insula function," McClernon said. "But in what ways do we modulate it, and in whom? Our data provides some evidence on both of those fronts, and suggests that targeting connectivity between insula and somatosensory cortex could be a good strategy."

Neurofeedback and transcranial magnetic stimulation, used to improve depression, are two treatments that modulate brain activity. With the findings in this study, researchers now have more information on where to further investigate, McClernon said.

"We have provided a blueprint," McClernon said. "If we can increase connectivity in smokers to look more like those who quit successfully, that would be a place to start. We also need more research to understand what it is exactly about greater connectivity between these regions that increases the odds of success."

In addition to Addicott and McClernon, study authors include Maggie Sweitzer; Brett Froeliger; and Jed Rose. The researchers received funding from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01 DA025876; K01 DA033347). McClernon is also a site principal investigator on an investigator-initiated grant (GRAND) from Pfizer, Inc.

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U.S. beekeepers lost 40 percent of bees in 2014-15 -- ScienceDaily

The survey, which asks both commercial and small-scale beekeepers to track the health and survival rates of their honey bee colonies, is conducted each year by the Bee Informed Partnership in collaboration with the Apiary Inspectors of America, with funding from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). A summary of the 2014-2015 results is available upon request prior to May 13, 2015; thereafter the results will be added to previous years' results publicly available on the Bee Informed website.

"We traditionally thought of winter losses as a more important indicator of health, because surviving the cold winter months is a crucial test for any bee colony," said Dennis vanEngelsdorp, an assistant professor of entomology at the University of Maryland and project director for the Bee Informed Partnership. "But we now know that summer loss rates are significant too. This is especially so for commercial beekeepers, who are now losing more colonies in the summertime compared to the winter. Years ago, this was unheard of."

Beekeepers who responded to the survey lost a total of 42.1 percent of their colonies over the course of the year. Winter loss rates decreased from 23.7 percent last year to 23.1 percent this year, while summer loss rates increased from 19.8 percent to 27.4 percent.

Among backyard beekeepers (defined as those who manage fewer than 50 colonies), a clear culprit in losses is the varroa mite, a lethal parasite that can easily spread between colonies. Among commercial beekeepers, the causes of the majority of losses are not as clear.

"Backyard beekeepers were more prone to heavy mite infestations, but we believe that is because a majority of them are not taking appropriate steps to control mites," vanEngelsdorp said. "Commercial keepers were particularly prone to summer losses. But they typically take more aggressive action against varroa mites, so there must be other factors at play."

This is the ninth year of the winter loss survey, and the fifth year to include summer and annual losses in addition to winter loss data. More than 6,000 beekeepers from all 50 states responded to this year's survey. All told, these beekeepers are responsible for nearly 15 percent of the nation's estimated 2.74 million managed honey bee colonies.

The survey is part of a larger research effort to understand why honey bee colonies are in such poor health, and what can be done to manage the situation. Colony losses present a financial burden for beekeepers, and can lead to shortages among the many crops that depend on honey bees as pollinators. Some crops, such as almonds, depend entirely on honey bees for pollination. Estimates of the total economic value of honey bee pollination services range between $10 billion and $15 billion annually.

"The winter loss numbers are more hopeful especially combined with the fact that we have not seen much sign of Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) for several years, but such high colony losses in the summer and year-round remain very troubling," said Jeffery Pettis, a senior entomologist at U.S. Department of Agriculture and a co-coordinator of the survey. "If beekeepers are going to meet the growing demand for pollination services, researchers need to find better answers to the host of stresses that lead to both winter and summer colony losses."

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Drug perks up old muscles and aging brains -- ScienceDaily

Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, have discovered that a small-molecule drug simultaneously perks up old stem cells in the brains and muscles of mice, a finding that could lead to drug interventions for humans that would make aging tissues throughout the body act young again.

"We established that you can use a single small molecule to rescue essential function in not only aged brain tissue but aged muscle," said co-author David Schaffer, director of the Berkeley Stem Cell Center and a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering. "That is good news, because if every tissue had a different molecular mechanism for aging, we wouldn't be able to have a single intervention that rescues the function of multiple tissues."

The drug interferes with the activity of a growth factor, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1), that Schaffer's UC Berkeley colleague Irina Conboy showed over the past 10 years depresses the ability of various types of stem cells to renew tissue.

"Based on our earlier papers, the TGF-beta1 pathway seemed to be one of the main culprits in multi-tissue aging," said Conboy, an associate professor of bioengineering. "That one protein, when upregulated, ages multiple stem cells in distinct organs, such as the brain, pancreas, heart and muscle. This is really the first demonstration that we can find a drug that makes the key TGF-beta1 pathway, which is elevated by aging, behave younger, thereby rejuvenating multiple organ systems."

The UC Berkeley team reported its results in the current issue of the journal Oncotarget. Conboy and Schaffer are members of a consortium of faculty who study aging within the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3).

Depressed stem cells lead to aging

Aging is ascribed, in part, to the failure of adult stem cells to generate replacements for damaged cells and thus repair the body's tissues. Researchers have shown that this decreased stem cell activity is largely a result of inhibitory chemicals in the environment around the stem cell, some of them dumped there by the immune system as a result of chronic, low-level inflammation that is also a hallmark of aging.

In 2005, Conboy and her colleagues infused old mice with blood from young mice -- a process called parabiosis -- reinvigorating stem cells in the muscle, liver and brain/hippocampus and showing that the chemicals in young blood can actually rejuvenate the chemical environment of aging stem cells. Last year, doctors began a small trial to determine whether blood plasma from young people can help reverse brain damage in elderly Alzheimer's patients.

Such therapies are impractical if not dangerous, however, so Conboy, Schaffer and others are trying to track down the specific chemicals that can be used safely and sustainably for maintaining the youthful environment for stem cells in many organs. One key chemical target for the multi-tissue rejuvenation is TGF-beta1, which tends to increase with age in all tissues of the body and which Conboy showed depresses stem cell activity when present at high levels.

Five years ago, Schaffer, who studies neural stem cells in the brain, teamed up with Conboy to look at TGF-beta1 activity in the hippocampus, an area of the brain important in memory and learning. Among the hallmarks of aging are a decline in learning, cognition and memory. In the new study, they showed that in old mice, the hippocampus has increased levels of TGF-beta1 similar to the levels in the bloodstream and other old tissue.

Using a viral vector that Schaffer developed for gene therapy, the team inserted genetic blockers into the brains of old mice to knock down TGF-beta1 activity, and found that hippocampal stem cells began to act more youthful, generating new nerve cells.

Drug makes old tissue cleverer

The team then injected into the blood a chemical known to block the TGF-beta1 receptor and thus reduce the effect of TGF-beta1. This small molecule, an Alk5 kinase inhibitor already undergoing trials as an anticancer agent, successfully renewed stem cell function in both brain and muscle tissue of the same old animal, potentially making it stronger and more clever, Conboy said.

"The key TGF-beta1 regulatory pathway became reset to its young signaling levels, which also reduced tissue inflammation, hence promoting a more favorable environment for stem cell signaling," she said. "You can simultaneously improve tissue repair and maintenance repair in completely different organs, muscle and brain."

The researchers noted that this is only a first step toward a therapy, since other biochemical cues also regulate adult stem cell activity. Schaffer and Conboy's research groups are now collaborating on a multi-pronged approach in which modulation of two key biochemical regulators might lead to safe restoration of stem cell responses in multiple aged and pathological tissues.

"The challenge ahead is to carefully retune the various signaling pathways in the stem cell environment, using a small number of chemicals, so that we end up recalibrating the environment to be youth-like," Conboy said. "Dosage is going to be the key to rejuvenating the stem cell environment."

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2015-05-13

Seasonal immunity: Activity of thousands of genes differs from winter to summer -- ScienceDaily

The study, published in the journal Nature Communications, shows that the activity of almost a quarter of our genes (5,136 out of 22,822 genes tested) differs according to the time of year, with some more active in winter and others more active in summer. This seasonality also affects our immune cells and the composition of our blood and adipose tissue (fat).

Scientists have known for some time that various diseases, including cardiovascular disease, autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis, and psychiatric disorders, display seasonal variation, as does vitamin D metabolism. However, this is the first time that researchers have shown that this may be down to seasonal changes in how our immune systems function.

"This is a really surprising -- and serendipitous -- discovery as it relates to how we identify and characterise the effects of the susceptibility genes for type 1 diabetes," says Professor John Todd, Director of the JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory. "In some ways, it's obvious -- it helps explain why so many diseases, from heart disease to mental illness, are much worse in the winter months -- but no one had appreciated the extent to which this actually occurred. The implications for how we treat disease like type 1 diabetes, and even how we plan our research studies, could be profound."

An international team, led by researchers from the JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory in the Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, examined samples from over 16,000 people living in both the northern and southern hemispheres, in countries including the UK, USA, Iceland, Australia and The Gambia. These samples included a mixture of blood samples and adipose tissue.

The researchers used a variety of techniques to study the samples, including looking at the cell types found in the blood and measuring the level of expression of the individuals' genes -- a gene is said to be 'expressed' when it is active in a particular cell or tissue, usually involving the generation of proteins. They found that the thousands of genes were expressed differently in blood and adipose tissue depending on what time of year the samples were taken. Similarly, they identified seasonal differences in the types of cells found in the blood.

Seasonal differences were present across mixed populations in geographically and ethnically diverse locations -- but the seasonal genes displayed opposing patterns in the northern and southern hemispheres. However, the pattern of seasonal activity was not reflected as strongly in Icelandic donors. The researchers speculate that this may be due to the near-24 hour daylight during summer and near-24 hour darkness in winter.

One gene of particular interest was ARNTL, which was more active in the summer and less active in the winter. Previous studies have shown that, in mice at least, the gene suppresses inflammation, the body's response to infection; if the gene has the same function in humans, then levels of inflammation will be higher during winter in the northern hemisphere. Inflammation is a risk factor for a range of diseases and hence in winter, those at greatest risk will likely reach the 'threshold' at which the disease becomes a problem much sooner. Drugs that target the mechanisms behind inflammation could offer a way of helping treat these diseases more effectively during the winter periods.

A particularly surprising finding was that a set of genes associated to an individual's response to vaccination was more active in winter, suggesting that some vaccination programmes might be more effective if carried out during winter months when the immune system is already 'primed' to respond.

During European and Australian winters, they argue, the thresholds required to trigger an immune response may be lower as a direct consequence of our coevolution with infectious organisms, which tend to be more prevalent during winter. Interestingly, people from The Gambia showed distinct seasonal variation in the numbers of immune cells in the blood that correlated with the rainy season (June-October), during which time infectious diseases, particularly mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, are more rife.

"We know that humans adapt to changing environments," says Dr Chris Wallace. "Our paper suggests that human immune systems adapt to show different seasonal variation in equatorial regions with fewer distinct seasons compared to regions at higher and lower latitudes with more pronounced differences between winter and season."

It is not clear yet what mechanism maintains the seasonal variation seen in the immune system, though it may be due to environmental cues such as daylight and ambient temperature. Our internal body clock -- known as our circadian rhythm -- is in part coordinated by changes in daylight, which explains why people in jobs that do not fit with the daily cycle, such as factory shift workers or crews on long haul flights, can be affected by poorer health.

Professor Todd adds: "Given that our immune systems appear to put us at greater risk of disease related to excessive inflammation in colder, darker months, and given the benefits we already understand from vitamin D, it is perhaps understandable that people want to head off for some 'winter sun' to improve their health and well-being."

The research was funded by the Wellcome Trust, the type 1 diabetes charity JDRF and the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre.

Professor Mike Turner, Head of Infection and Immunobiology at the Wellcome Trust said: "This is an excellent study which provides real evidence supporting the popular belief that we tend to be healthier in the summer. Seasonal variation to this extent is a fascinating find -- the activity of many of our genes, as well as the composition of our blood and fat tissue, varies depending on the seasons. Although we are still unclear of the mechanism that governs this variation, one possible outcome is that treatment for certain diseases could be more effective if tailored to the seasons."

Karen Addington, Chief Executive of JDRF in the UK, said: "We have long known there are more diagnoses of type 1 diabetes in winter. This study begins to reveal why. It identifies a biological mechanism we didn't previously know of, which leaves the body seasonally more prone to the autoimmune attack seen in type 1 diabetes.

"While we all love winter sun, flying south for the whole of each winter isn't something anyone can practically recommend as a way of preventing type 1 diabetes. But this new insight does open new avenues of research that could help untangle the complex web of genetic and environmental factors behind a diagnosis."

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Breakthrough in tinnitus research could lead to testable model -- ScienceDaily

Tinnitus is largely a mystery, a phantom sound heard in the absence of actual sound. Tinnitus patients "hear" ringing, buzzing or hissing in their ears much like an amputee might "feel" pain in a missing limb. It is a symptom, not a disease, and though exposure to loud noise may cause it, some cases have no apparent trigger.

Existing treatments, meantime, are unreliable, either not working at all or varying greatly in effectiveness for those who report some relief.

But a global research effort involving investigators from the University at Buffalo; Southeast University in Nanjing, China; and Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia, Canada, have made a major breakthrough that provides new insights into how tinnitus, and the often co-occurring hyperacusis, a condition that causes sounds to be perceived as intolerably loud, might develop and be sustained.

The results of the study, to be published in a forthcoming edition of eLife, suggest the neural network responsible is more expansive than previously thought. The findings could lead to a testable model that helps to identify what region or regions of the brain might be responsible for causing the two conditions.

Having conceptualized a broader, more comprehensive neural network, the researchers hope to eventually test the model by deactivating specific segments of the neural network. By process of elimination they would learn if shutting down one part of that network relieves tinnitus, hyperacusis or both conditions.

Until the mid-1990s, tinnitus was thought to be centered in the ear, but patients who lost their hearing on one side after a surgical tumor removal unrelated to the condition reported still hearing a ringing -- in their deaf ear.

"This changed the thinking in the field," says Richard Salvi, director of UB's Center for Hearing and Deafness, and one of the study's authors. "Having severed the neural connection between the ear and the brain, it's impossible for the phantom sound to be generated in the ear. It has to be generated in the brain."

Though it's not known yet exactly where and how tinnitus occurs in the brain, Salvi says their functional MRI studies show the abnormal activity underlying tinnitus and hyperacusis isn't confined to a specific brain location, but actually involves a neural network.

Unlike traditional MRIs, which show only structure, functional MRIs show what parts of the structure are active at a given time while functional connectivity MRI reveals how one part of the brain interacts with other regions, much like partners would interact on a dance floor, explains Yu-Chen Chen, a radiologist at Southeast University and one of the study's co-authors.

The researchers induced tinnitus in rats by administering the active ingredient in aspirin, which has long been known to produce tinnitus and hyperacusis symptoms in humans.

"Certain brain regions become very active once tinnitus is induced, much more so than it is for an animal with normal hearing," says Salvi. "Even though high-dose aspirin induces a hearing loss and less information is being sent from the ear to the brain as a result, the brain responds with greater activity. It's paradoxical, like a car getting better gas mileage with a less efficient engine."

Tracing the network's course, the investigators identified a major hub within the central auditory pathway, the sound processing center of the brain.

"Other research has shown this activity, but what is novel about the current study is the amygdala pops up. This is the part of the brain that assigns emotion to our perceptions," says Salvi. "Many patients report the onset of tinnitus after experiencing significant stress or anxiety. We think it's not just the hearing loss that's essential. There are other emotional factors working together with the auditory factors."

The reticular formation, an arousal center involved in the "fight or flight" response is active too, plus the hippocampus, the memory region of the brain that helps identify where things are located, such as the location of the phantom sound. So the auditory system is connecting sound to a location, the ear in this case. There is emotion and arousal, but the final puzzling piece to the network is activity in the cerebellum, normally activated during motor planning events like reaching for a cup or catching a ball.

"We were shocked when this part of the brain popped up," says Salvi. "Almost all parts of the network can be explained: location of sound; the emotional attachment; why people get aroused when they have tinnitus; we're puzzled by the cerebellum involvement, but it might act like some kind of "gate" that's allowing the phantom sound to enter the consciousness," says Salvi.

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古董商潜入客户家盗窃偷走深褐色玛瑙玉石

　　今年46岁的兰溪人丁某，绰号老鼠，在兰溪古城步行街卖古董杂货已有五年，风光的背后，其实有着不为人知的另一面，那就是人如其名，偷盗成性。2008年11月曾因盗窃罪被判处有期徒刑一年，2010年8月又因盗窃被劳动教养三年。

　　卖古董的老板

　　原来是个深藏不露的大盗

　　从乡下来城里生活的唐女士，对此并不了解，去年她让古董店的丁老板帮忙售卖珍珠项链，得到丁某的鼎力相助，从此两人结识。

　　不过几个月后，唐女士从周边了解到丁某有偷盗恶习后，便与丁某没有了来往。

　　不过，唐女士没有想到，之前她曾将电动自行车借给丁某，由于所有的钥匙圈在一起，丁某就偷配了她家钥匙。

　　2014年12月初的一天下午，丁某趁唐女士家中无人之际，用偷配来的钥匙打开她家门，偷得一对黄金耳环，一块深褐色的玛瑙玉石，以及一把用于鉴石的强光手电筒，临走时还顺手带走了一瓶红酒。得手后，丁某重新锁好门离开。

　　唐女士第一感觉就怀疑丁某所为，便打电话问丁某，丁某并不承认。

　　今年4月份，丁某将偷来的黄金耳环卖到一家金店，被公安机关发现。经审讯，丁某如实交待了自己的犯罪行为。经鉴定，丁某所盗窃黄金耳环价值870元。

　　5月11日，涉嫌盗窃罪的丁某被兰溪市人民检察院批准逮捕。

　　通讯员范宝华祝爱洪本报记者吕艺真

TAG:古董商潜入客户家盗窃偷走深褐色玛瑙玉石

盛世藏兴说苏玉

　　被称为东方威尼斯的吴中都市苏州，历史上曾有“人间天堂”的美誉，人杰地灵，人文荟萃，文化艺术辉煌灿烂。苏州文化的细腻常用“小家碧玉”来形容，这本身也反映出苏州玉作的艺术特色。明清时期，苏州逐渐成为中国玉器的制造中心。苏州玉作的成败得失，艺术高低，直接影响到明清中国玉器工艺的发展水平。

　　清代苏州的琢玉业，已形成独立的手工业，集中在城西阊门里专诸巷及天库前吊桥一带，与著名的桃花坞毗邻。那里作坊林立，高手云集，琢玉的水沙声昼夜不停。在同行业间，实行专业化分工，有开料行、打眼行、光玉行等，形成规模生产。专诸巷玉行，人才辈出，曾向清朝廷输送了不少琢玉高手，赫赫有名的陆子刚、姚宗仁、郭志通均出身于苏州专诸巷玉工世家。专诸巷玉雕，技艺精湛，清高宗乾隆皇帝赞不绝口：“专诸巷里工匠纷，争出新样无穷尽”；“专诸巷中多妙手，琢磨无事太璞剖。”乾隆皇帝还把画好样的玉料嘱托苏州织造官，令其在专诸巷精心雕琢。清代玉器许多传世佳作，出自苏州专诸巷玉工高手。从这些精美玉作中，我们能观察专诸巷玉器特色的梗概。

　　专诸巷玉匠多选用上等和阗佳材，清中叶后，翡翠制品亦大量生产。良玉是玉雕艺术的物质基础。专诸巷玉器，玉质晶莹润泽，娇嫩细腻，犹如小儿肌肤。这种特殊的艺术效果，必须对玉料反复琢磨，精细抛光，不露碾琢痕迹，剔除坚硬皱涩的外皮才能达到，尽展玉材内蕴风采。

　　专诸巷玉器，造型新颖别致，新品种层出不穷。图案线条，刚柔相济，阴阳相间，有的工艺有力，有的流畅柔和，一气呵成，达到了炉火纯青的艺术效果。图案花纹上下起伏多层，表达较为丰富的思想内容，具有很好的透视效果。“吴门画派”雅俗共赏的文人画风，影响专诸巷玉器进一步向艺术化方向发展。

　　平面镂刻是专诸巷玉作的一大特色，但玲珑剔透的玉器，专诸巷工艺更为奇巧。镂空、活链、套环，工于设计，能使方寸小玉在不间断的条件下展阔数寸，达到以小见大的效果。

　　专诸巷薄胎玉器，技艺更胜一筹。有一种薄胎花卉碗、盘、厚薄均匀，壁薄如纸，介乎透明，凸凹起伏的花瓣，展展外展，柔和自然，宛若天成。这类里外、正反起伏的薄胎玉器，琢磨难度极大，只有专诸巷玉工巧运心灵与技艺，才能承做，创作出一件件巧夺天工的稀世珍品。

　　来源：玉器收藏网

TAG:盛世藏兴说苏玉

小贼偷古董：地摊公然卖

　　两小偷潜入一住户家意外收获大量值钱古董。然而，古董到手他们却不知道怎么处理，蹲在路边售卖却被认为是假货。价值上百万的古董出不了手，反倒成了“麻烦”。记者昨天从瑶海刑警二队了解到，目前两小偷已被抓获，失窃的古董也已被全部追回。

　　一辈子的积蓄突然没了

　　4月22日，家住合肥市三里街附近的宋大爷下夜班回家后发现家中的门有被撬的痕迹，紧接着他发现自己多年来收藏价值上百万的古董竟都不翼而飞。随后，宋大爷向辖区警方报案。

　　61岁的宋大爷独自一人居住，退休后找了个夜班保安的工作。平日里宋大爷唯一的爱好就是搜集古董，这么多年也收了不少藏品，不过由于防范意识不强，藏品只是随意摆在家中，也未做什么防盗措施。一下子，这么多年的收藏全部没了，宋大爷心急如焚。“我几乎所有的收入都买了这些古董，现在丢了，我也不想活了。”宋大爷一把鼻涕一把眼泪地在刑警队诉苦。

　　警方锁定两名嫌疑人

　　经过警方初步侦查，小偷是在4月21日23时左右，趁着宋大爷家中无人，强行用撬棍将门撬开，然后入室行窃。不过由于案发小区没有监控录像，无法捕捉嫌疑人的体貌特征和逃跑线路，给后续侦查带来了一定难度。

　　就在侦查工作进行中，警方获得一条重要的信息。4月24日21时左右，辖区派出所在巡逻过程中，发现两名形迹可疑的男子，于是上前查问，结果从两人手机中翻到了大量有关古董的照片和视频。

　　“派出所感觉不对劲，将人移交给我们，我们一对，发现正是宋大爷丢失的那批。”民警称，随后他们找到两人住处，看到卧室床上堆满了古董，至此两人也终于承认，正是他们偷了宋大爷的古董。

　　据瑶海区刑警二队二探组的王警官介绍，二人是偷盗“老手”。陈某于1994年因盗窃罪被判处无期徒刑，后因在狱中表现良好被提前释放，而王某也曾于2000年因盗窃罪被判处有期徒刑15年，也刚出狱不久。两人都无亲无故，为狱友关系，出狱后二人同住于大兴城中村的王某家中，出狱后未找到正当职业，故重操旧业。

　　摆地摊卖古董被当成骗子

　　据警方介绍，二人并非预谋去盗宋大爷家的古董，只是随机选择了盗窃地点，本来只打算偷些现金，却无意中发现古董，遂决定盗取。盗得古董后，二人也知道这些东西非比寻常，害怕有所损坏，于是将赃物都小心安置在王某家中的床上。

　　据警官介绍，由于二人没有相关的销赃渠道，还曾将一对价值3万多的文殊菩萨佛像拿到临泉路大市场，摆地摊卖，却被人认为是假的。两人无奈之下也只得将这些古玩保存于家中。

　　昨天记者从警方获悉，由于卖不出去，失窃古董已被全部追回，共39件，包括玉器、雕像、瓷器等，“这个需要专业部门来鉴定价格，鉴定过的价值已有十余万，一件未鉴定的藏品，失主自称价值已过百万。”

　　来源：合肥在线

TAG:小贼偷古董：地摊公然卖

Male hormones help lemur females rule -- ScienceDaily

Males rule in most of the animal world. But when it comes to conventional gender roles, lemurs -- distant primate cousins of ours -- buck the trend.

It's not uncommon for lady lemurs to bite their mates, snatch a piece of fruit from their hands, whack them in the head or shove them out of prime sleeping spots. Females mark their territories with distinctive scents just as often as the males do. Males often don't take their share of a meal until the females have had their fill.

"If a male lemur is enjoying a patch of sunlight, for example, a female is likely to push him aside and take his spot," said Joseph Petty, most recently a doctoral student at Duke University.

Most female mammals that get their way over males are well-armed to be the bullies. Dominant female spotted hyenas, for example, are bigger and heavier than males.

But female dominance in lemurs remains a puzzle. Female lemurs are no bigger than males, and they don't have antlers or bigger fangs to give them a physical edge over their mates.

Researchers at the Duke Lemur Center say females have significantly lower testosterone levels than the males across the board. But when they compared six lemur species, they found that females of some species have higher testosterone levels than others.

Petty and Duke professor of evolutionary anthropology Christine Drea examined behavior and hormone profiles in nearly 30 animals representing six closely-related species in the genus Eulemur. In four of the species, females are at the top of the pecking order, and in the other two species the sexes have equal status.

The dominant females had significantly higher male hormone levels than the females from the two more egalitarian species.

"It's strong evidence that hormones are playing a role," Petty said.

Lemurs and lorises split off from the rest of the primate family tree more than 60 million years ago, but the two species of egalitarian lemurs didn't evolve until much more recently, within the last 2 million years.

It could be that females are more sensitive to the effects of testosterone than males, stimulating aggressive behavior even though males still have more of the hormone, Petty said.

The results appear online in the journal Scientific Reports. This work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (IOS-0719003, IOS-1021633, BCS 1341150) and by the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation.

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A metal composite that will (literally) float your boat -- ScienceDaily

Although syntactic foams have been around for many years, this is the first development of a lightweight metal matrix syntactic foam. It is the work of a team of researchers from Deep Springs Technology (DST) and the New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering.

Their magnesium alloy matrix composite is reinforced with silicon carbide hollow particles and has a density of only 0.92 grams per cubic centimeter compared to 1.0 g/cc of water. Not only does it have a density lower than that of water, it is strong enough to withstand the rigorous conditions faced in the marine environment.

Significant efforts in recent years have focused on developing lightweight polymer matrix composites to replace heavier metal-based components in automobiles and marine vessels. The technology for the new composite is very close to maturation and could be put into prototypes for testing within three years. Amphibious vehicles such as the Ultra Heavy-lift Amphibious Connector (UHAC) being developed by the U.S. Marine Corps can especially benefit from the light weight and high buoyancy offered by the new syntactic foams, the researchers explained.

"This new development of very light metal matrix composites can swing the pendulum back in favor of metallic materials," forecasted Nikhil Gupta, an NYU School of Engineering professor in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and the study's co-author. "The ability of metals to withstand higher temperatures can be a huge advantage for these composites in engine and exhaust components, quite apart from structural parts."

The syntactic foam made by DST and NYU captures the lightness of foams, but adds substantial strength. The secret of this syntactic foam starts with a matrix made of a magnesium alloy, which is then turned into foam by adding strong, lightweight silicon carbide hollow spheres developed and manufactured by DST. A single sphere's shell can withstand pressure of over 25,000 pounds per square inch (PSI) before it ruptures -- one hundred times the maximum pressure in a fire hose. The hollow particles also offer impact protection to the syntactic foam because each shell acts like an energy absorber during its fracture. The composite can be customized for density and other properties by adding more or fewer shells into the metal matrix to fit the requirements of the application. This concept can also be used with other magnesium alloys that are non-flammable.

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