Replica Designer Watches: November 2013

2013-11-30

Telescope to track space junk using youth radio station

The inaugural research project spearheaded by Curtin University in Western Australia, will use the newly operational Murchison Widefield Array (MWA), one of three precursor telescopes for the $2billion Square Kilometre Array project, to detect radio waves reflecting off thousands of objects orbiting Earth.

The study has already tracked radio waves from FM transmitters located near Perth and Geraldton bouncing off the International Space Station as it passed over WA, approximately 500 kilometres above Earth's surface.

Team leader Professor Steven Tingay, Director of the MWA at Curtin University and Chief Investigator in the Australian Research Council Centre for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO) said the MWA will be able to detect the space junk by listening in to the radio signals generated by stations including popular youth network Triple J.

"We have shown that we are able to detect approximately 10 pieces of space junk simultaneously. Over time this means we are in a position to monitor a significant fraction of the space junk that is in Earth orbits," Professor Tingay explained.

The importance of this is that space debris is unpredictable and poses a significant collision risk to expensive space infrastructure, such as communication satellites, according to Professor Tingay.

"An early warning system has the potential to protect the billions of dollars' worth of vital infrastructure orbiting Earth but also prevent collisions that will result in even more space debris being generated, such as what happened in the case of the Iridium 33 satellite in 2009*[1]," he said.

Being one of the first completed studies undertaken using the $51 million MWA, the results are important as they confirm the revolutionary astronomy tool is functioning in line with expectations.

"The MWA was designed to be the most powerful low frequency radio telescope in the Southern Hemisphere and this was our chance to test its capabilities," Professor Tingay said.

"Prior to undertaking the study we had calculated how strong we expected the signals to be using simulations and theory.

"The measurements we took as part of the study were spot on in agreement with our calculations.

"This is an excellent result and bodes well for the other MWA science projects that are currently underway -- including the most detailed study to date of the Epoch of Reionisation, the first billion years after the Big Bang."

The idea to use the MWA for tracking space debris came from an earlier study by Ben McKinley, a CAASTRO PhD student at The Australian National University, who was able to image the Moon using reflected FM signals and calculate the likelihood that alien civilisations were listening in on us.

"CAASTRO's emphasis on all-sky astronomy naturally leads to this new capability with the MWA, showing that astrophysics research can cross over into having significant benefits for people in everyday life," Professor Tingay concluded.

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The more the better: Polyandry in salamanders

For a long time, it was assumed that females in the animal world are monogamous, that is, they mate with only one male. Males, in contrast, can increase their reproductive success by mating with several females. Nowadays, however, polyandry is assumed to be the rule in the animal world and monogamy to be more of an exception.

Currently, researchers from completely different disciplines are interested in why females mate with several males and what benefits this brings for them or their offspring. There is a particular interest in studies that permit insights and conclusions on these processes under completely natural conditions. As a rule, however, such studies are hard to implement without disturbing the individuals or studying their mating behaviour completely or partially in the laboratory.

Researchers at Bielefeld University's Chair of Animal Behaviour in the group of Dr. Barbara Caspers, Dr. Sebastian Steinfartz, research group leader at the TU Braunschweig, and Professor Michael Kopp from Aix-Marseille University have studied the influence of mating behaviour on the number of offspring in the black and yellow fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra), a widespread European tailed amphibian species. Over the course of the spring season, a female salamander can deposit up to 50 living larvae in small streams and ponds. For their study, the scientists captured female salamanders on their way to deposit their larvae in a forest and took the pregnant females to the laboratory where they deposited their larvae. Every day, the scientists collected the new-born larvae, took a small tissue sample, and returned both mothers and their larvae to the forest. By subjecting these tissue samples to genetic paternity analyses, the researchers could precisely reconstruct how many males each female had mated with and whether or not the sperm of the different males had been mixed -- female salamanders can store the sperm of different males for several months in internal receptive organs called spermathecae. The eggs of the female will only be fertilized with the stored sperm, if environmental conditions are optimal and after eggs have developed into full larvae these are deposited in streams and ponds.

It is important to stress that the sperm from the male are deposited on the ground as a sperm packet (called spermatophore) during courtship display, and that the female then actively picks up the spermatophore. Afterwards, the female can decide from which males she will accept sperm or not. Through paternity analyses, the researchers were able to show that some females had mated with as many as four different males. The mixing of the sperm from various males in the spermatheca of the female seems to have quite positive effects, leading to more eggs being fertilized and, as a result, more larvae were finally deposited. Accordingly, polyandry and sperm competition seems to be an important mechanism to increase reproductive success and therefore fitness of a female in this terrestrial vertebrate species.

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Architects of nanoworld behind the screens

Nov. 29, 2013 — New types of building blocks for electronics will be the future, that is clear for researcher Nauta. "It is already possible to give a molecule the functionality of a transistor. But compare that to the huge complexity of current chips, with eight or nine 'highways' above each other, connecting all elements. How to reach this using these new molecules? There's still a huge gap there. Silicon research and industry has shown an immense effort, that's still going on for some time." Nauta stresses that current chips like microprocessors already contain billions of transistor with sizes in the nanometer domain. Microelectronics had become nanoelectronics already. "They are so small, around 22 nanometer, that you can count the individual atoms."

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Not self-evident at all

In his lecture 'The invisible circuit', Nauta asks his audience to imagine a world without chips. "If we wouldn't have chips in our daily life, suddenly a lot of things like social media and internet, aren't possible anymore. That would really mean 'back to the fifties'." That is: almost back to the time the very first transistor was invented, in 1947. Still, we take it for granted whenever there is a new generation of smartphones, tablets or other gadgets in the shops. "This is not self-evident at all. This requires top research and huge investments in new chip factories." Nauta's own group, one of the world's leading groups in chip design, delivered several inventions that found their way to smart phones and TV's. A well-known example is their noise-cancelling circuit that surprised the semiconductor world at first, but is a textbook example by now.

Cognitive radio

Nauta specializes in circuits translating the analogue outside world into the digital inside of the smartphone: the part of the circuitry taking care of transmitting and receiving, or 'radio'. Complexity is growing rapidly there: with more and more mobile standards, a good quality has to be guaranteed with low noise, and if possible, using less energy. And all that on the tiniest possible silicon surface. "For each standard, you would need a separate filter. But that would take far too much surface. We now develop a filter that is tunable and can be integrated on-chip. That's a development the whole world is looking at, because integration of conventional filters is almost impossible. Within five years, it will be commercially available." This new type of filter would also be the candidate for new radio techniques employing every free part of the frequency spectrum, so-called cognitive radio.

Even if Moore's Law, that predicts a doubling of the amount of components on every square millimeter of silicon every two years, comes to a halt due to physical limits, a creative designer still has years to go, according to Nauta. These physical limits have been pushed for decades now: as long as it is viable economically, industry will keep investing.

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Research Glasgow to measure gravitational waves

2013/11/29

LISA Pathfinder Scottish technology will be at the heart of an space mission to detect the ripples in space-time caused by some of the most violent events in the universe.

The European Space Agency (ESA) has announced that one of its next two ‘large’ (L-class) missions will be to establish a gravitational wave observatory in space.

Known as the evolved Laser Interferometry Space Antenna (eLISA), the mission is planned to launch in 2034 and will build upon technologies already developed by scientists at the University of Glasgow’s Institute for Gravitational Research (IGR) for the ESA’s LISA Pathfinder probe (pictured), due for launch in 2015. The pathfinder will demonstrate technology including the Glasgow-built optical measurement system.

“It’s testament to the excellence of the work going on in Scotland today that a considerable part of the technology that will allow us to answer the most fundamental of questions will be developed by the University of Glasgow,” said Dr Harry Ward, who leads Glasgow’s eLISA work.

ELISA aims to detect gravitational waves made by the earliest black holes, and probably by the Big Bang, said the University and, “by observing how waves from early black holes are stretched out as they move toward us through the expanding Universe, the observatory will shed light on the mystery of dark energy”.

Between 2014 and 2020, eLISA technology will be optimised, followed by final mission selection and commitment of international partners. In 2024 industrial implementation will begin, with the payload supplied by a European consortium which also provides the flight hardware for LISA Pathfinder.

According to ESA, the Pathfinder will have two test masses in “a near-perfect gravitational free-fall, and control and measure their motion with unprecedented accuracy”. To do this it will use inertial sensors, laser metrology, a drag-free control system and a precise micro-propulsion system.

The masses are 46mm gold-platinum cubes, whose relative motion will be measured to 1pm (10^-12m using laser interferometry). The intention is to detect waves with periods of a few seconds to a few hours (10^-1 to 10^-4Hz).

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2013-11-29

Power 30V mosfet slides under 1milliohm

2013/11/29

APEC 500 Rated at 260A, Advanced Power Electronics’ AP1A003GMT-HF-3 power mosfet has a maximum on-resistance of only 0.99mΩ.

“Provided in a PMPAK5x6 package with integrated thermal pad and with a standard SO-8 footprint compatible with other enhanced 5x6mm power packages, the mosfet features simple gate drive requirements and a breakdown voltage rating of 30V,” said the firm.

It is RoHS-compliant and BFR/halogen-free.

Samples are available now.

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和田玉走进典当行：玉痴被典当业热捧

玉痴老怪珍藏多年，黑白分明十分罕见的和田籽玉原石。

　　近日，南艺后街贵人有玉坊来了一批特殊客人，他们是分别来自北京、上海等相关典当业的朋友。原来，随着典当行数量增多和外部类似业务的冲击，一些典当行正尝试拓展新业务，逐渐将和田玉、黄金、珠宝等具有保值功能收藏品纳入当押业务范畴。但是因为没有专业的鉴定人才，这方面的业务拓展非常吃力，这次这些业内大佬便是带着一批好货来请老怪来进行专业鉴定和估价的。

　　和田玉身价高鉴定难

　　在不少人心目中，和田玉属于奢侈品，堪与珠宝之类相提并论，加上“有玉方立国”、“家有玉曰宝”，以及“黄金有价玉无价”之说，很多人因此认为，和田玉的价格必然很高，至于究竟高到什么程度，持玉者自己心里都并没有底，经过玉痴老怪客观公正的点评，典当双方都有了比较满意的收获。

　　一位山东的商人，手持一件和田玉摆件，是二十多年前，他新疆的一个商务伙伴送给他的，因为现在做生意周转不灵，又听说和田玉被炒得很火，才想把这件玉件典当出去，老怪帮他估算了下，市场价有200万左右，着实令他大喜过望，直呼感激他的朋友感激老怪。

　　据老怪透露，这些年请他作鉴定的典当行，以及私人买卖双方，已经越来越多，他说： “我为典当行做鉴定，或者私人买卖鉴定，都是友情服务，并没有报酬。一般典当行有和田玉业务时，就会叫我们去鉴定估价，当然为了减低风险典当行只给高端玉做抵押，一般和田玉都要价值几十万甚至百万以上才会做抵押。具体抵押金额则由典当行和客户协商。”正所谓和田玉走进典当行，玉痴老怪凭慧眼被典当业热捧。

　　玉该藏贵还是藏贱？

　　很多人觉得和田玉身价雾里探花，有的收藏拍卖活动当中，和田玉往往是天价，而有些网络“淘宝”之类的，和田玉却是卖出了白菜价？令不少顾客心里犯怵，和田玉到底怎么了？藏玉到底应该是选贵的还是选贱的？玉痴老怪有句名言叫“宁藏真玉一块，不要废玉一车。”

　　在一些地方古玩城，有的商家以售卖低档玉为主，其中最便宜莫过于堆货了：往地摊上倾倒数百公斤甚至以吨计的原石，供买家“淘宝”。虽然堆里和田玉、水石、卡瓦石，黄蜡石甚至普通鹅卵石鱼龙混杂，并且即便确属和田玉品质也大多十分低下，吸引人的主要是价格：每件10元，多买还有更进一步的优惠。是的。堆货里的和田玉基本上都是上游商家反复多次淘选之后剩下的“垃圾料子”，属于“比鸡肋还鸡肋”的极低端货品。

　　那么，和田玉的市场价位为什么会有天壤之别，又是什么决定了它们的身份、地位与身价呢？答案很简单：品质与工艺。玉痴老怪介绍，和田玉有白玉、青白玉、青玉、黄玉、碧玉、墨玉之分，白玉中的极品也就是大名鼎鼎的羊脂玉。大体而言，和田玉颜色越浅越值钱，比方白玉就比青白玉价值高，青白玉又比青玉价值大。当然也有例外，比方黄玉颜色肯定比白玉深，但黄玉中的鸡油黄、栗子黄价值却比白玉高出不少，甚至堪比羊脂。据此藏玉还是应该将品质放在第一位。

TAG:和田玉走进典当行：玉痴被典当业热捧

General Mini camera uses ST image processing to help visually-impaired

2013/11/29

OrCam camera module

A new miniature camera which clips on to glasses to improve the mobility and ability of visually-impaired people, has been developed by OrCam Technologies.

The camera is built around a 5.1 mega-pixel camera module and low-power digital image processor from STMicroelectronics.

The ST VX6953 camera module and STV0987 image processor will analyse and interpret the scene before the device aurally describes it to the user.

“The OrCam camera reads a scene or text in different lighting conditions and on a variety of surfaces, including newspapers and signs. Moreover, while the camera comes with a pre-stored library of objects, the wearer can continue to teach OrCam new objects as they use it,” said the company.

“Camera module’s EDOF (Extended Depth Of Field) capability enabled us to work with a fixed-focus camera, and thus saved us space, power and the time it takes auto-focus modules to adjust to changing situations,” said Prof. Amnon Shashua, co-founder and chairman of OrCam Technologies.

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Business Cheaper Q4 wafers as utilisation falls

2013/11/29

Intel wafer plus man 260 x 210 Wafers are getting cheaper, reports Digitimes. A fall in capacity utilisation rates has caused foundries to cut prices to get business.

Taiwan’s three biggest foundries, TSMC, UMC and Vanguard will see collective revenues drop 9.4% in Q4 compared to Q3, mainly as a result of lower ASPs.

Combined revenues are expected to come in at $6.12 billion down from $6.76 billion in Q3.

Q3 saw a 4.4% sequential increase on Q2 which is low for the traditionally strongest quarter of the year.

A negative for the Taiwanese foundries is that Samsung and GloFo have ben getting better 28nm yields which has meant that demand for TSMC’s 28nm process has slowed.

The foundry industry has also been hurt by the decline in PC sales and lower than expected sales of smartphones.

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Business Imec reduces processing cost of solar cells while increasing efficiency.

2013/11/29

Imec has used a laser doping process to reduce the cost of producing i-PERC solar cells while increasing their efficiency to 20.2%.

“Cost-of-ownership and process simplicity are key factor for the industry to adopt new technologies,” says Imec’s Jozef Szlufcik, “our achievement, implying a substantial simplification of the i-PERC manufacturing process, is an important step towards reducing the cost-of-ownership of i-PERC technology and as such, a milestone in bringing this high-efficiency technology for silicon solar cells to the market.”

Imec used large area (156x156mm2) i-PERC silicon cells on p-type Cz-Si.

The a laser doping processing sequence eliminates the need of a furnace firing step to realise the local aluminium Back Surface Field (BSF). Replacement of the high-temperature ste, avoids passivation degradation of the rear (Al2O3) layer created by atomic layer deposition (ALD).

The replacement laser doping step is also said to avoid optical degradation of the rear dielectric/metal stack that generates higher conversion efficiencies. The new process sequence is said to be extremely simple as the thin ALD (Al2O3) acts at the same time as passivation layer and doping source, while laser processing enables in one step the contact patterning and the local BSF formation.

In addition, the high Fill Factor of the cells (up to 80%) indicates an excellent contact quality, according to imec.

Combined with imec’s Ni/Cu plating sequence for front contact formation, a low temperature metallisation solution for i-PERC cells has been developed.

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Business ARM extends engineer accreditation programme to Shenzhen

2013/11/29

ARM and the National IC Design Shenzhen Industrial Center (SZICC) have agreed to bring the ARM Accredited Engineer (AAE) Program to Shenzhen, Southern China.

The partnership will deliver official courses in ARM technology to the city’s aspiring and established electronics engineers.

The AAE Program is the only global accreditation program available to engineers wishing to gain credible evidence of their expertise in the ARM architecture. Over 600 local participants are expected to qualify over the next two years.

By partnering with SZICC and local institutions ARM is supporting the cultivation of Shenzhen’s engineering talent.

The AAE Program provides a consistent and comprehensive learning framework and helps HR departments to benchmark job applicants.

A pipeline of consistently qualified engineering talent benefits both Shenzhen’s electronics industry and the ARM ecosystem, which has 150 Chinese partners.

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Memories 'geotagged' with spatial information

Their work shows how spatial information is incorporated into memories and why remembering an experience can quickly bring to mind other events that happened in the same place.

"These findings provide the first direct neural evidence for the idea that the human memory system tags memories with information about where and when they were formed and that the act of recall involves the reinstatement of these tags," said Michael Kahana, professor of psychology in Penn's School of Arts and Sciences.

The study was led by Kahana and professor Andreas Schulze-Bonhage of Freiberg. Jonathan F. Miller, Alec Solway, Max Merkow and Sean M. Polyn, all members of Kahana's lab, and Markus Neufang, Armin Brandt, Michael Trippel, Irina Mader and Stefan Hefft, all members of Schulze-Bonhage's lab, contributed to the study. They also collaborated with Drexel University's Joshua Jacobs.

Their study was published in the journal Science.

Kahana and his colleagues have long conducted research with epilepsy patients who have electrodes implanted in their brains as part of their treatment. The electrodes directly capture electrical activity from throughout the brain while the patients participate in experiments from their hospital beds.

As with earlier spatial memory experiments conducted by Kahana's group, this study involved playing a simple video game on a bedside computer. The game in this experiment involved making deliveries to stores in a virtual city. The participants were first given a period where they were allowed to freely explore the city and learn the stores' locations. When the game began, participants were only instructed where their next stop was, without being told what they were delivering. After they reached their destination, the game would reveal the item that had been delivered, and then give the participant their next stop.

After 13 deliveries, the screen went blank and participants were asked to remember and name as many of the items they had delivered in the order they came to mind.

This allowed the researchers to correlate the neural activation associated with the formation of spatial memories (the locations of the stores) and the recall of episodic memories: (the list of items that had been delivered).

"A challenge in studying memory in naturalistic settings is that we cannot create a realistic experience where the experimenter retains control over and can measure every aspect of what the participant does and sees. Virtual reality solves that problem," Kahana said. "Having these patients play our games allows us to record every action they take in the game and to measure the responses of neurons both during spatial navigation and then later during verbal recall."

By asking participants to recall the items they delivered instead of the stores they visited, the researchers could test whether their spatial memory systems were being activated even when episodic memories were being accessed. The map-like nature of the neurons associated with spatial memory made this comparison possible.

"During navigation, neurons in the hippocampus and neighboring regions can often represent the patient's virtual location within the town, kind of like a brain GPS device," Kahana said. "These so-called 'place cells' are perhaps the most striking example of a neuron that encodes an abstract cognitive representation."

Using the brain recordings generated while the participants navigated the city, the researchers were able to develop a neural map that corresponded to the city's layout. As participants passed by a particular store, the researchers correlated their spatial memory of that location with the pattern of place cell activation recorded. To avoid confounding the episodic memories of the items delivered with the spatial memory of a store's location, the researchers excluded trips that were directly to or from that store when placing it on the neural map.

With maps of place cell activations in hand, the researchers were able to cross- reference each participant's spatial memories as they accessed their episodic memories of the delivered items. The researchers found that the neurons associated with a particular region of the map activated immediately before a participant named the item that was delivered to a store in that region.

"This means that if we were given just the place cell activations of a participant," Kahana said, "we could predict, with better than chance accuracy, the item he or she was recalling. And while we cannot distinguish whether these spatial memories are actually helping the participants access their episodic memories or are just coming along for the ride, we're seeing that this place cell activation plays a role in the memory retrieval processes."

Earlier neuroscience research in both human and animal cognition had suggested the hippocampus has two distinct roles: the role of cartographer, tracking

location information for spatial memory, and the role of scribe, recording events for episodic memory. This experiment provides further evidence that these roles are intertwined.

"Our finding that spontaneous recall of a memory activates its neural geotag suggests that spatial and episodic memory functions of the hippocampus are intimately related and may reflect a common functional architecture," Kahana said.

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Study suggests why, in some species, mere presence of males shortens females' lifespan

Nov. 28, 2013 — Researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine have discovered that males of the laboratory roundworm secrete signaling molecules that significantly shorten the lifespan of the opposite sex.

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The scientists speculate that, if carried out after reproduction, this "male-induced demise" could serve to conserve precious resources for a male's offspring or to decrease the supply of mates for other males.

For several years, it's been known that the presence of some male worms and flies can shorten the lifespan of their female or hermaphroditic counterparts. But it's not been clear why. Some researchers have speculated that the physical stress of mating may lead to their early death.

The Stanford research, however, suggests something more than sex is to blame -- specifically, that the males are carrying out a calculated plan at the molecular level to off the baby-makers after they've done their jobs.

The researchers studied the common laboratory roundworm, known as Caenorhabditis elegans, or C. elegans. The 1-millimeter-long, translucent worms generally live for about 20 days, and a normal population consists of about 0.01 to 0.1 percent males. The remainder consists of hermaphrodites, which have both male and female reproductive organs. Although hermaphrodites can self-fertilize, they can produce more offspring if they mate with a male.

"We've found that males induce the expression of a large number of genes involved in sensation and signaling in hermaphrodites," said Anne Brunet, PhD, associate professor of genetics. "This raises the possibility that the male-induced demise is not just due to the physical stress of copulation but instead involves some degree of active signaling. Indeed, we found that just placing hermaphrodites on plates where males had previously been present was sufficient to induce the premature demise of hermaphrodites."

Brunet is the senior author of the study, published Nov. 28 in Science Express. Postdoctoral scholar Travis Maures, PhD, is the lead author.

Brunet's research shows that males can initiate the killing process even across distances. But as tempting as it is to extend the findings to mammals and -- dare we say it? -- humans, it would likely backfire in situations where mothers, or parents, are needed to rear the young.

"In worms, once the male has mated and eggs are produced, the hermaphrodite mother can be discarded," Brunet said. "The C. elegans mother is not needed to care for the baby worms. Why should it be allowed to stay around and eat? Also, if she dies, no other male can get to her and thus introduce his genes into the gene pool."

The researchers found that the continuous presence of young males shortened the average lifespan of C. elegans hermaphrodites by more than 20 percent. This effect persisted even when the genders were prevented from co-mingling, or when the hermaphrodites were sterile -- indicating that neither the physical stress of copulation nor the energy demands of producing offspring were entirely responsible for early death. Affected hermaphrodites also displayed symptoms of aging, including slower movement, an increased incidence of paralysis, general decrepitude and structural decline.

"Even long-lived and stress-resistant hermaphrodites were highly susceptible to the premature demise induced by males," said Brunet, who specializes in the study of longevity in worms and other animals.

Finally, when the researchers placed hermaphrodites on laboratory dishes that had formerly contained male worms, those hermaphrodites also exhibited a shortened lifespan, indicating that the males had left behind some substance that was affecting the hermaphrodites.

There was one way to ameliorate the effect, however.

"Males that are deficient in pheromone production no longer induce a strong premature demise of hermaphrodites," Brunet said, "and hermaphrodites that cannot sense pheromones are resistant to male-induced demise."

Pheromones are soluble, diffusible chemical compounds produced by many animals to trigger social or behavioral reactions among members of the same species across distances. Although it's as yet unclear how or when the roundworm males secrete the unidentified pheromones, the effect was evident when the researchers investigated the gene expression profiles of the affected hermaphrodites.

In particular, they observed large changes in hermaphrodite gene expression that occurred only in the presence of males. Many of these changes affected genes expressed in neurons or involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Blocking the expression of one gene in particular, an insulin-like peptide known as INS-11, specifically impeded male-induced demise.

The studies conducted by the researchers in C. elegans used a much higher proportion of males to hermaphrodites than normally occurs. However, Brunet feels the effect of even a few males may be exacerbated once mating has occurred -- particularly if the unknown pheromones are secreted in the seminal fluid. The effect on non-mating populations (the hermaphrodites added to the plate after the males have been removed) could be explained by the seminal fluid secreted by the males that, without access to nearby hermaphrodites, attempt unsuccessfully to copulate with other, nearby males.

Although the researchers first studied a domesticated strain of C. elegans, they were also able to observe male-induced demise in a wild strain of C. elegans, as well as in two other, distantly related species of worm -- confirming that the phenomenon has been conserved over about 20 to 30 million years of evolution. The male-induced demise even occurred in species of roundworm that have true males and true females in an equal mix (similar to mammals), suggesting that this phenomenon is not just due to idiosyncrasies of C. elegans such as hermaphroditism or a low proportion of males.

"The observation that this male-induced demise is present in several species of worms and has also been shown in flies suggests that it could have some adaptive benefits," Brunet said. "It will be interesting, of course, to determine whether males also affect the lifespan of females in other species, particularly mammals."

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