Replica Designer Watches

2013-12-05

Fledgling supernova remnant reveals neutron star's secrets

Dec. 4, 2013 — With the help of NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and the Australia Telescope Compact Array, an international team of astronomers has identified the glowing wreck of a star that exploded a mere 2,500 years ago -- the blink of an eye in astronomical terms.

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The observations, made by a team led by University of Wisconsin-Madison astronomy professor Sebastian Heinz, reveal an astrophysical novelty of the Milky Way: a glowing nebula created when the star exploded and, inside of it, the collapsed core of the exploded star, a neutron star, still clinging to its former companion star. It is the only known example of such a system in our galaxy.

The new observations are reported Dec. 3 in the Astrophysical Journal and are important because they provide a unique laboratory to test key theories of stellar evolution, especially about the stage of a star's life just after most of it has been obliterated in a supernova explosion.

Situated in the plane of the Milky Way some 24,000 to 30,000 light years from Earth in the constellation Circinus, the neutron star Heinz and his colleagues studied is dubbed Circinus X-1. It is what astronomers call an X-ray binary, a system where an evolving star and a black hole or neutron star closely orbit one another and produce X-rays as material from the evolving star spirals in to its denser companion and is heated to very high temperatures.

Most X-ray binaries are quite old and no longer have a supernova remnant. To find the shell of ionized gas that marks the supernova blast that created the X-ray binary system is a rarity, according to Heinz. "It basically creates the historical record of that explosion. They don't last very long, so they are quite accurate clocks for finding things that are recent," says Heinz.

"This particular remnant is only about 2,500 years old, which makes the system the youngest known X-ray binary," Heinz explains, referring to the two-star system that is among the most luminous sources of X-rays in the galaxy. "In terms of a human lifetime, it would be roughly akin to a newborn just a few days old," adds Paul Sell, a former UW-Madison graduate student involved in the study.

When a once-massive star explodes as a supernova, it creates either a black hole or a neutron star, a condensed, rapidly-spinning cinder with extraordinary gravitational pull. Most neutron stars, which pack the mass of about 1.4 suns into a ball just 20 or so kilometers in diameter, exist in isolation. "In the Milky Way, there are only about a hundred other neutron stars we are aware of that have held onto their companion stars," Heinz notes.

It is much rarer still to observe the hallmark of a supernova explosion, the glowing cloud of ionized gas created by the shock wave of the blast as it crashes into the interstellar gas around the stars. "The shock wave from a supernova can only be seen for about 100,000 years or so before it dissipates and merges with the rest of the gas and dust around it in space," says Sell. "This is only a small fraction of the lifetime of an X-ray binary, making the chance to find one in this early phase of its life very small."

"The fact that we have this remnant along with the neutron star and its companion means we can test all kinds of things," says Heinz. "Our observations solve a number of puzzles both about this object and the way that neutron stars evolve after they are born. For example, the unusual elliptical orbit on which these two stars swing around each other is exactly what you would expect for a very young X-ray binary," notes Heinz.

However, the observations also pose new questions: Previous X-ray observations revealed that the Circinus X-1's neutron star has a relatively small magnetic field. "General theory holds neutron stars are born with a large magnetic field," says Heinz. "This newly minted neutron star has a field much smaller than expected."

Why that's the case remains a mystery. "Circinus X-1 appears to be a unique X-ray binary, probably in large part because it is so young," adds Sell, now a post-doctoral fellow at Texas Tech University.

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Glimpsing the infrastructure of a gamma-ray burst jet

Gamma-ray bursts are the most luminous explosions in the cosmos. Most are thought to be triggered when the core of a massive star runs out of nuclear fuel, collapses under its own weight, and forms a black hole. The black hole then drives jets of particles that drill all the way through the collapsing star and erupt into space at nearly the speed of light.

On March 8, 2012, NASA's Swift satellite detected a 100-second pulse of gamma rays from a source in the constellation Ursa Minor. The spacecraft immediately forwarded the location of the gamma-ray burst, dubbed GRB 120308A, to observatories around the globe.

The world's largest fully autonomous robotic optical telescope, the 2-meter Liverpool Telescope located at Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma in the Canary Islands, automatically responded to Swift's notification.

"Just four minutes after it received Swift's trigger, the telescope found the burst's visible afterglow and began making thousands of measurements," said lead researcher Carole Mundell, who heads the gamma-ray burst team at the Astrophysics Research Institute at Liverpool John Moores University in the U.K.

The telescope was fitted with an instrument named RINGO2, which Mundell's team designed to detect any preferred direction, called polarization, in the vibration of light waves from burst afterglows.

Mundell's team built RINGO2 in order to probe the magnetic fields long postulated to drive and focus the jets of gamma-ray bursts. The shoe-box-sized instrument pairs a spinning polarizing filter with a super-fast camera.

Energy across the spectrum, from radio waves to gamma rays, is emitted when a jet slams into its surroundings and begins to decelerate. This results in the formation of an outward-moving shock wave. At the same time, a reverse shock wave drives back into the jet debris, also producing bright emission.

"One way to picture these different shocks is by imagining a traffic jam," Mundell said. "Cars approaching the jam abruptly slow down, which is similar to what happens in the forward shock. Cars behind them slow in turn, resulting in a wave of brake lights that moves backward along the highway, much like the reverse shock."

Theoretical models of gamma-ray bursts predict that light from the reverse shock should show strong and stable polarized emissions if the jet possesses a structured magnetic field originating from the environment around the newly-formed black hole, thought to be the "central engine" driving the burst.

Previous observations of optical afterglows detected polarizations of about 10 percent, but they provided no information about how this value changed with time. As a result, they could not be used to test competing jet models.

The Liverpool Telescope's rapid targeting enabled the team to catch the explosion just four minutes after the initial outburst. Over the following 10 minutes, RINGO2 collected 5,600 photographs of the burst afterglow while the properties of the magnetic field were still encoded in its captured light.

The observations show that the initial afterglow light was polarized by 28 percent, the highest value ever recorded for a burst, and slowly declined to 16 percent, while the angle of the polarized light remained the same. This supports the presence of a large-scale organized magnetic field linked to the black hole, rather than a tangled magnetic field produced by instabilities within the jet itself.

A paper describing the team's findings will appear in the Dec. 5 issue of the journal Nature.

"This is a remarkable discovery that could not have occurred without the lickety-split response times of the Swift satellite and the Liverpool Telescope," said Neil Gehrels, the Swift principal investigator at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md.

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Test and Measurement Tektronix scope addresses serial busses and power

2013/12/04

11dec13TekSide 500 Tektronix has introduced an oscilloscope with up to 2GHz bandwidth, 10Gsample/s sample rate, and 50Msample record length as standard.

“A number of trends are driving change in the mid-range oscilloscope segment. Faster-speed serial buses such as USB 2.0, USB HSIC [inter-chip USB] and Ethernet are increasingly being used in embedded designs,” said the firm. “These in turn introduce design challenges like embedded clocks or tighter jitter budgets and often require more specialized analysis and compliance testing to ensure interoperability.”

Power supplies are another target, said the firm, where silicon carbide and gallium nitride transistors are increasing switching speeds, requiring oscilloscopes with higher bandwidth, faster sampling rates and even better probing – poor probing has always been a good way to ruin measurements on switching power supplies.

The scopes are the MSO/DPO5000B Series. http://www.tek.com/oscilloscope/mso5000-dpo5000

Probing includes 1GHz passive probes with 4pF loading. “Intensity grading technology helps engineers find elusive glitches and other transients in seconds,” added Tektronix.

Specifically for PSUs, there is a new version of the firm’s power software that adds measurement of inrush current, capacitance, and reactive power. “Designers can configure multiple measurements with custom settings, measure and analyse power dissipation in switching devices, and evaluate magnetic parameters in a single acquisition,” it said.

11dec13TekFront 600 Record length options stretch to 250Msample, with 250,000 waveform/s capture rate, and >11bit resolution.

“Since mid-range oscilloscopes are often shared across engineering teams and moved from station to station, all models are now equipped standard with a 480Gbyte solid state disc which means engineers have waveform and set-up storage flexibility,” said the firm.

‘Visual Trigger’ is now included as standard, and allows users to create triggers based on shapes such as rectangles or hexagons to ease the capture complex waveforms.

MSO types are mixed signal scopes which have 16 digital channels for serial bus triggering and decode, time-aligned with analogue signals.

“Support is available for all major mid-speed and lower speed embedded and automotive buses,” claimed Tektronix. “Limit testing is now standard along with mask and serial data compliance options.”

Power spectral density and return loss testing can now be handled without usign a separate a spectrum or network analyser.

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IVF improving, but fertility treatments keep multiple births high

Dec. 4, 2013 — Fertility technology in the United States has a huge influence on the frequency of twins, triplets, and other multiple births, according to new estimates published Dec. 5 in the New England Journal of Medicine. Dr. Eli Y. Adashi, professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Brown University, and his colleagues calculated that more than a third of twin births and more than three-quarters of triplets or higher-order births in the United States in 2011 were the result of fertility treatments.

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The proportion of triplets or more related to medical assistance has actually dropped from a peak of 84 percent in 1998 after in vitro fertilization (IVF) guidelines discouraging implantation of three or more embryos took effect that year, the study reports. IVF has also improved enough that single embryo transfers now often succeed in producing healthy pregnancies. But in the meantime, non-IVF fertility treatments such as ovarian stimulation and ovulation induction -- for instance, with the drug clomiphene citrate -- have increased to become the predominant source of medically assisted multiple births in the country while IVF is increasingly producing twins.

Some mothers and couples may hope for twins through fertility treatments, Adashi said, but more often multiple births are not desired. In those cases, he said, the new parents and children incur unwarranted medical risk and long-term financial costs that doctors should strive to prevent.

"We do have a real problem with way too many multiple births in the United States with consequences to both mothers and babies," said Adashi, the study's senior author and former dean of the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University. "It's an unintended consequence of otherwise well intentioned and remarkable technology."

To arrive at their estimates, the team, including lead author Aniket Kulkarni of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, gathered data on multiple births from 1962 to 1966 (before any medical fertility treatments were available) and from 1971 through 2011. Data on IVF procedures has been available since 1997, but no data is available that directly reflects the contribution of non-IVF procedures to rates of multiple births.

The team therefore estimated the role of non-IVF technologies by subtracting the multiple births arising from IVF from the overall number of multiple births, while also accounting for the impact of maternal age on birth plurality. The data from the 1960s, meanwhile, provided a statistical baseline for natural multiple birth rates without medical intervention that the team also used in their estimates.

Multiples multiply

The contribution of fertility treatments over the last 40 years is unmistakable: Between 1971 and 2011, the percent of U.S. births that were multiples doubled to 3.5 percent from 1.8 percent. Even after adjusting for maternal age, the rate of twin births rose 1.6 times between 1971 and 2009, the authors reported.

And while triplets or more due to IVF have dropped to 32 percent of cases from 48 percent between 1998 and 2011, the percent of triplets or more due to non-IVF procedures rose to 45 percent of cases from 36 percent during that same time.

"IVF is moving, in a sense, in the right direction and cleaning up its act, whereas the non-IVF technologies are at a minimum holding their own and possibly getting worse," Adashi said. "From a policy point of view what that means is that [we] need to focus on the non-IVF technologies, which really hasn't been done in a concerted way because they weren't considered all that relevant to this mix."

Ultimately, Adashi said, it may be harder to curb multiple births from non-IVF treatments than from IVF. While multiple births from IVF are a direct result of the number of embryos that are fertilized and intentionally implanted, non-IVF therapies involve medications that stimulate ovulation and follicle growth in ways that cannot be precisely predicted or controlled.

The new estimates will at least focus more attention on the major contribution non-IVF treatments make on multiple births, the authors wrote. That may spur improved data gathering, such as creation of a registry of non-IVF treatments and outcomes, and ultimately more careful practice regimens.

"Increased awareness of multiple births resulting from non-IVF fertility treatments may lead to improved medical practice patterns and a decrease in the rate of multiple births," the paper concludes.

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Humans threaten wetlands' ability to keep pace with sea-level rise

Dec. 4, 2013 — Left to themselves, coastal wetlands can resist rapid levels of sea-level rise. But humans could be sabotaging some of their best defenses, according to a Nature review paper published December 5 from the Virginia Institute of Marine Science and the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center.

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The threat of disappearing coastlines has alerted many to the dangers of climate change. Wetlands in particular -- with their ability to buffer coastal cities from floods and storms, and filter out pollution -- offer protections that could be lost in the future. But, say co-authors Matt Kirwan and Patrick Megonigal, higher waters aren't the key factor in wetland demise. Thanks to an intricate system of feedbacks, wetlands are remarkably good at building up their soils to outpace sea level rise. The real issue, they say, is that human structures such as dams and seawalls are disrupting the natural mechanisms that have allowed coastal marshes to survive rising seas since at least the end of the last Ice Age.

"Tidal marsh plants are amazing ecosystem engineers that can raise themselves upward if they remain healthy, and especially if there is sediment in the water," says co-author Patrick Megonigal of the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. "We know there are limits to this, and worry those limits are changing as people change the environment."

"In a more natural world, we wouldn't be worried about marshes surviving the rates of sea level rise we're seeing today," says Kirwan, the study's lead author and a geologist at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science. "They would either build vertically at faster rates or else move inland to slightly higher elevations. But now we have to decide whether we'll let them."

Wetlands have developed several ways to build elevation to keep from drowning. Above ground, tidal flooding provides one of the biggest assists. When marshes flood during high tide, mineral sediment settles out of the water, adding new soil to the ground. It's one of the more convenient response systems to today's threat: When sea level rise accelerates and flooding occurs more often, marshes can react by building soil faster. Below ground, the growth and decay of plant roots adds organic matter -- an effect rising carbon dioxide (CO₂) seems to enhance. Even erosion can work in favor of wetlands, as sediment lost at one marsh can be deposited on another. While a particular wetland may lose ground, the total wetland area may remain unchanged.

But everything has a threshold. If a wetland becomes so flooded that vegetation dies off, the positive feedback loops are lost. Similarly, if sediment delivery to a wetland is cut off, that wetland can no longer build soil to outpace rising seas.

Direct human impacts, not rising seas or rising CO₂, have the most power to alter those thresholds, the scientists report. Groundwater withdrawal and artificial drainage can cause the land to sink, as is happening right now in Chesapeake Bay. Because of this kind of subsidence, 8 of the world's 20 largest coastal cities are experiencing relative sea-level rise greater than climate change projections. Dams and reservoirs also prevent 20 percent of the global sediment load from reaching the coast. Marshes on the Yangtze River Delta survived relative sea-level rise of more than 50 mm per year since the 7th century C.E., until the building of more than 50,000 dams cut off their supply of sediment and sped up erosion.

In addition to building vertically, marshes can also respond to sea-level rise by migrating landward. But, the authors note, human activities have hindered this response as well. Conventional ways of protecting coastal property, such dykes and seawalls, keep wetlands from moving inland and create a "shoreline squeeze," Kirwan says. Because rates of marsh-edge erosion increase with rates of sea-level rise, the authors warn that the impacts of coastal barriers will accelerate with climate change.

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NASA's Cassini spacecraft obtains best views of Saturn hexagon

This is the first hexagon movie of its kind, using color filters, and the first to show a complete view of the top of Saturn down to about 70 degrees latitude. Spanning about 20,000 miles (30,000 kilometers) across, the hexagon is a wavy jet stream of 200-mile-per-hour winds (about 322 kilometers per hour) with a massive, rotating storm at the center. There is no weather feature exactly, consistently like this anywhere else in the solar system.

"The hexagon is just a current of air, and weather features out there that share similarities to this are notoriously turbulent and unstable," said Andrew Ingersoll, a Cassini imaging team member at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. "A hurricane on Earth typically lasts a week, but this has been here for decades -- and who knows -- maybe centuries."

Weather patterns on Earth are interrupted when they encounter friction from landforms or ice caps. Scientists suspect the stability of the hexagon has something to do with the lack of solid landforms on Saturn, which is essentially a giant ball of gas.

Better views of the hexagon are available now because the sun began to illuminate its interior in late 2012. Cassini captured images of the hexagon over a 10-hour time span with high-resolution cameras, giving scientists a good look at the motion of cloud structures within.

They saw the storm around the pole, as well as small vortices rotating in the opposite direction of the hexagon. Some of the vortices are swept along with the jet stream as if on a racetrack. The largest of these vortices spans about 2,200 miles (3,500 kilometers), or about twice the size of the largest hurricane recorded on Earth.

Scientists analyzed these images in false color, a rendering method that makes it easier to distinguish differences among the types of particles suspended in the atmosphere -- relatively small particles that make up haze -- inside and outside the hexagon.

"Inside the hexagon, there are fewer large haze particles and a concentration of small haze particles, while outside the hexagon, the opposite is true," said Kunio Sayanagi, a Cassini imaging team associate at Hampton University in Virginia. "The hexagonal jet stream is acting like a barrier, which results in something like Earth's Antarctic ozone hole."

The Antarctic ozone hole forms within a region enclosed by a jet stream with similarities to the hexagon. Wintertime conditions enable ozone-destroying chemical processes to occur, and the jet stream prevents a resupply of ozone from the outside. At Saturn, large aerosols cannot cross into the hexagonal jet stream from outside, and large aerosol particles are created when sunlight shines on the atmosphere. Only recently, with the start of Saturn's northern spring in August 2009, did sunlight begin bathing the planet's northern hemisphere.

"As we approach Saturn's summer solstice in 2017, lighting conditions over its north pole will improve, and we are excited to track the changes that occur both inside and outside the hexagon boundary," said Scott Edgington, Cassini deputy project scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.

A black-and-white version of the imaging camera movie and movies obtained by Cassini's visual and infrared mapping spectrometer are also tools Cassini scientists can use to look at wind speeds and the mini-storms inside the jet stream.

Cassini launched in 1997 and arrived at Saturn on July 1, 2004. Its mission is scheduled to end in September 2017. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. JPL manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. JPL designed, developed and assembled the Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras. The imaging team is based at the Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colo.

A Google+ Hangout to discuss these results and other Cassini images will take place today at 12:30 p.m. PST (3:30 p.m. EST): http://bit.ly/askcassini .

The event will be broadcast live on NASA Television and streamed on the agency's website. For information on NASA TV, visit: http://www.nasa.gov/ntv .

The event will also be streamed live on Ustream with a moderated chat available at: http://www.ustream.tv/nasajpl2 .

Questions can be asked on the Google Hangout event page, in the chat box on the Ustream site and via Twitter using the hashtag #askCassini.

More information about Cassini is available at: http://www.nasa.gov/cassini and http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov .

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Business NXP, Datang establish China jv for auto ICs

2013/12/04

19jun13NxpBLF25M612G 346 NXP and Datang Telecom have set up a jv in China for automotive ICs for hybrid and electric cars.

Datang NXP Semiconductors Isva fabless company that primarily serves the domestic Chinese market, focusing on the research, development and sale of automotive ICs.

NXP will transfer and license IP to the JV, specifically in power management including battery management.

NXP will hold a 49% share in the JV, with Datang Telecom representing 51%.

The China government has.a 5 year programme promoting electric and hybrid cars.

“The JV will focus on new energy vehicle technologies, one of the top priorities in China’s five-year government plan and a perfect complement to NXP’s portfolio of semiconductor solutions for the smart connected car,” says NXP’s Kurt Sievers.

“Driven by strong government support, new energy technologies for the hybrid and electric car market industries in China are set to achieve strong growth,” says Cao Bin, President of Datang Telecom.

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Mysteries of Earth's radiation belts uncovered by NASA twin spacecraft

Derived from measurements taken by a University of New Hampshire-led instrument on board the twin spacecraft, the latest discovery reveals that the high-energy particles populating the radiation belts can be accelerated to nearly the speed of light in conjunction with ultra-low frequency electromagnetic waves operating on a planetary scale.

This mode of action, as detailed in a paper recently published in the journal Nature Communications, is analogous to that of a cyclical particle accelerator like the Large Hadron Collider. However, in this case, Earth's vast magnetic field, or magnetosphere, which contains the Van Allen belts, revs up drifting electrons to ever-higher speeds as they circle the planet from west to east.

The recent finding comes on the heels of a related discovery -- also made by the UNH-led Energetic Particle, Composition, and Thermal Plasma (ECT) instrument suite -- showing similar particle acceleration but on a microscopic rather than a planetary scale.

"The acceleration we first reported operates on the scale size of an electron's gyromotion -- it is a really local process, maybe only a few hundred meters in size," notes Harlan Spence, director of the UNH Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, principal scientist for the ECT, and coauthor on the Nature Communications paper. "Now we're seeing this large-scale, global motion involving ultra low-frequency waves pulsing through Earth's magnetosphere and operating across vast distances up to hundreds of thousands of kilometers." And, Spence adds, in all likelihood both processes are occurring simultaneously to accelerate particles to relativistic speeds.

Understanding the complex dynamics of the particle acceleration will help scientists make better predictions of space weather conditions and, thus, offer better protections to orbiting satellites crucial to modern-day society.

Having twin spacecraft making simultaneous measurements in different regions of nearby space is a key part of the mission as it allows the scientists to look at data separated in both space and time.

"With the Van Allen Probes, I like to think there's no place for these particles to hide because each spacecraft is spinning and 'glimpses' the entire sky with its detector 'eyes', so we're essentially getting a 360-degree view in terms of direction, position, energy, and time," Spence says.

Adds Ian Mann of the University of Alberta and first author of the Nature Communications paper, "People have considered that this acceleration process might be present but we haven't been able to see it clearly until the Van Allen Probes."

What this provides is the ability to decipher actual changes in the surrounding region rather than encountering something that looks different but may simply be the result of a single-point measurement with a limited perspective.

With the discoveries, scientists are starting to unravel the different pieces of the puzzle for any particular particle event that changes the structure of the radiation belts. Ultimately they hope to be able to understand the dynamics well enough to actually predict how, collectively, all these different conditions working in tandem make the belts either move in or out, inflate, deflate, change energy, or lose or gain particles.

Says Spence, "What we hope for are those serendipitous occasions when nature has accentuated one process above all others, which allows the spacecraft to really see what's going on. We want to know how the whole system causes one phenomenon or process to dominate or have a lesser influence compared to another one, and we're gaining a much deeper understanding of that."

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First evidence of primates regularly sleeping in caves

Dec. 4, 2013 — Scientists have discovered that some ring-tailed lemurs in Madagascar regularly retire to limestone chambers for their nightly snoozes, the first evidence of the consistent, daily use of the same caves and crevices for sleeping among the world's wild primates.

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The ring-tailed lemurs may be opting to sleep in caves for several reasons, said University of Colorado Boulder anthropology Associate Professor Michelle Sauther, who led the study. While the cave-sleeping behavior is likely important because it provides safety from potential predators, it also can provide the primates with access to water and nutrients, help to regulate their body temperatures during cold or hot weather and provide refuge from encroaching human activities like deforestation, she said.

"The remarkable thing about our study was that over a six-year period, the same troops of ring-tailed lemurs used the same sleeping caves on a regular, daily basis," she said. "What we are seeing is a consistent, habitual use of caves as sleeping sites by these primates, a wonderful behavioral adaptation we had not known about before."

A paper on the subject appeared in the November issue of the journal Madagascar Conservation and Development. Funding for the project came from Primate Conservation Inc., the International Primate Society, the American Society of Primatologists, the National Geographic Society, CU-Boulder, the University of North Dakota, Colorado College and the National Science Foundation.

Although sleeping in caves by ring-tailed lemurs -- which are found only in Madagascar -- has likely been going on for millennia, it is only now being recognized as a regular behavior, said Sauther. The endangered Fusui langurs, slender, long-tailed Asian monkeys roughly 2 feet tall, also have been documented sleeping in caves but as a direct result of extreme deforestation, moving from cave to cave every few days. There also have been isolated reports of South African baboons sleeping in caves.

Ring-tailed lemurs are easily identified by their characteristic, black and white ringed tails, which can be twice as long as their bodies. They weigh roughly 5 pounds with a head-body length of up to 18 inches and are highly social, congregating in groups of up to 30 individuals. Sporting fox-like snouts and slender frames, they are unusual among lemurs, spending a considerable amount of time on the ground feeding on leaves and fruit and socializing, said Sauther.

In "gallery forests" near rivers, ring-tailed lemurs regularly sleep high in the canopies of tall trees. But in "spiny forests," most of the trees with woody stems are covered in rows of spines, making them uncomfortable as well as dangerous sleeping sites because predators can easily climb them, Sauther said. The new study documents their cave sleeping behavior in the dry spiny forest habitat adjacent to limestone cliffs.

The lemur observations were made at the 104,000-acre Tsimanampesotse National Park and the Tsinjoriake Protected Area in southwestern Madagascar between 2006 and this year. The research team used field observations and motion-detector camera traps to chart the behavior and movements of 11 different troops of ring-tailed lemurs.

One of the early clues to the cave sleeping by the lemurs was their presence on limestone cliffs adjacent to spiny forest trees or on the ground when Sauther's research team arrived at the study sites early in the morning. "They seemed to come out of nowhere, and it was not from the trees," she said. "We were baffled. But when we began arriving at the study sites earlier and earlier in the mornings, we observed them climbing out of the limestone caves."

The primary predator of the lemurs is a cat-like, carnivorous mammal called a fossa native only to Madagascar that is closely related to the mongoose and may weigh up to 20 pounds. Fossil evidence shows a cougar-sized relative of the fossa that only became extinct several thousand years ago likely preyed on lemurs as well, she said.

There is evidence that some early ancestors of humans in South Africa may have used caves to protect themselves from predators, said Sauther. The remains of hominids going back several million years have been found inside or near limestone caves there, and some fossil bones have evidence of damage consistent with the bite of saber-toothed cats.

"We think cave-sleeping is something ring-tailed lemurs have been doing for a long time," she said. "The behavior may be characteristic of a deep primate heritage that goes back millions of years."

Co-authors of the new study included Associate Professor Frank Cuozzo of the University of North Dakota, Ibrahim Antho Youssouf Jacky, Lova Ravelohasindrazana and Jean Ravoavy of the University of Toliara in Madagascar, Krista Fish of Colorado College in Colorado Springs, Colo., and Marni LaFleur of the University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna. Fish and LaFleur are former CU-Boulder students of Sauther.

Sauther co-directs the Beza Mahafalay Lemur Biology Project in southwestern Madagascar with Cuozzo, a former CU-Boulder doctoral student. Centered at the roughly 1,500-acre Beza Mahafalay Special Reserve, the research focuses on how climate- and human-induced change affects lemur biology, behavior and survival.

Sauther and her team were aided by field observations made by students and faculty from the University of Toliara in Madagascar. In addition, undergraduate and graduate students from CU-Boulder regularly travel to Madagascar to conduct research under Sauther, including students from CU's Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program, which provides hands-on research and fosters student-faculty relationships.

"I never thought I would have a chance as a CU undergraduate to conduct research in an exotic place like Madagascar," said former UROP student Anthony Massaro, who was part of a team that trapped ring-tailed lemurs, measured their physical characteristics including dentition, and released them back into the wild. "Dr. Sauther and Dr. Cuozzo mentored and guided me through the process of creating and conducting a unique research project."

Unfortunately, habitat destruction, including deforestation, is increasing in many parts of Madagascar. In southwestern Madagascar, trees are being harvested for cattle forage, construction materials and firewood, and the mining of limestone there -- used for the production of cement, fertilizer and other products -- is increasing. Ring-tailed lemurs are now listed as an endangered species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's Species Survival Commission.

Sauther has been conducting research on Madagascar for 25 years, beginning as a University of Washington graduate student. Today she has several CU-Boulder doctoral students working with her, including James Millette, who is studying how the tooth wear of lemurs relates to their foraging behaviors.

"Madagascar is a challenging place to conduct research," Millette said. "Part of our job is to work with local communities, because without the support of these people there would be no lemur conservation. We consider Beza, where we have been working with the community for several decades, to be a real success story."

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Emech Enclosures Next USB plug work both ways around, and be thin and small

2013/12/04

The next generation of USB connector will work either way around, and be similar in size to the existing USB 2.0 Micro-B – the one that most phones are charged through – and will deliver video.

Called USB Type-C, “users will no longer need to be concerned with plug orientation or cable direction, making it easier to plug in”, said the USB 3.0 Promoter Group. “The connector, built initially on existing USB 3.1 and USB 2.0 technologies, is being developed to help enable thinner and sleeker product designs, enhance usability and provide a growth path for performance enhancements for future versions of USB.” – including support ‘scalable power charging’ and ‘future USB bus performance’.

“This connector, delivering data, power and video, is the only connector one will need across all devices. It will enable an entirely new super thin class of devices from phones to tablets,” said Alex Peleg of Intel, whicvh partners HP, Microsoft, Renesas and Texas Instruments in the Promoter Group.

Review of the proposed specification will be during the first quarter of 2014, and open to outside comment. Final publication is expected by the middle of 2014 in a supplement to the USB 3.1 specification.

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